Перевод: со всех языков на английский

somewhat later

1 agak belakangan

somewhat later

Indonesia-Inggris kamus > agak belakangan
2 tro|chę

Ⅰ adv. 1. (nieco) a bit, somewhat
- trochę zmęczony a bit a. somewhat tired

- trochę później/szybciej a bit a. somewhat later/faster

- wyglądało to trochę inaczej it wasn’t quite like that

- ani trochę not a bit

- „chyba żartujesz!” – „ani trochę” ‘you must be joking!’ – ‘not a bit’
2. (przez jakiś czas) (for) a bit
- musisz trochę poczekać you’ll have to wait a bit

- wyjechać na trochę to go away for a bit

- poczekaj jeszcze trochę wait a while longer
Ⅱ pron. (niewiele) (z niepoliczalnymi) a bit, a little (czegoś of sth); (z policzalnymi) a few
- trochę pieprzu do smaku a little pepper to taste

- przyszło trochę ludzi (niewiele) only a handful of a. a few people came; (sporo) quite a few people came
Ⅲ part. a bit of
- był trochę poetą he was a bit of a poet

■ do diabła a. licha i trochę a heck a. hell of a lot pot.

- po trochu (stopniowo) bit by bit, little by little

- chcę wszystkiego po trochu I want a bit of everything

- rozmawiali o wszystkim po trochu they talked a bit about everything

- trzeba być po trochu artystą i rzemieślnikiem one needs to be a bit of an artist and a bit of a craftsman

- po trosze książk. a bit

- każdy po trosze jest dzieckiem everyone has a bit of the child in them

- miał po trosze rację he was right up to a point

- wszystkiego po trosze a bit of everything

The New English-Polish, Polish-English Kościuszko foundation dictionary > tro|chę
3 попосле

after; afterwards; later
————————
afterward, somewhat later, later on no
————————
later

Македонско-англиски речник > попосле
4 post

post adv. [POS-].—Of place, behind, back backwards: ante aut post, L.: servi, qui post erant: ubi periculum advenit, invidia atque superbia post fuere, i. e. were forgotten, S.: post minor est, i. e. shorter when seen from behind, Iu.—Of time, afterwards, after, later: post duobus mensibus, T.: initio... post autem: rursus... post, S.: multis post annis, many years after: aliquanto post, somewhat later: paulo post valens, a little later: multo post quam, long after: post tanto, so long after, V.—Of order, afterwards, next: primum... post deinde, T.: primo... inde... post, S.
* * *
I
ADV

behind, afterwards, after
II
PREP ACC

behind (space), after (time); subordinate to (rank)

Latin-English dictionary > post
5 показано

. как показано на рисунке

•
As illustrated (or displayed, or depicted, or shown) in Fig. 1,...

•
In the figure it is intimated why the number of sites had to begin at...

•
As will be discussed (or described) somewhat later,...

Русско-английский научно-технический словарь переводчика > показано
6 позже, чем

[ант. раньше]
Among…to take interest in … somewhat later than in the USSR… were…

Русско-английский словарь по космонавтике > позже, чем
7 cowboy

A man who is employed by a ranch to care for grazing cattle. The origin of the term is a matter of some discussion. The first cowboys of the American West were the Mexican vaqueros. It is likely that the term cowboy, like its synonym buckaroo, derived from vaquero. The fact that the earliest cowboys were the Mexican herders and that cowboy is so similar to vaquero in its formation lends credence to this theory. The use of "boy" in the term rather than "man" may be explained by the fact that it was originally used (before the Civil War) to refer only to young, inexperienced drovers who herded cattle. It may also have been a derisive or condescending term, similar to the use of 'boy' as a form of address (from whites to black males) in the Deep South. By the 1870s, cowboy became a general term to refer to anyone who tended cattle. Somewhat later (after the 1880s), the term came to connote a wild or uncouth individual. For instance, the Clanton gang, who battled the Earps, are sometimes referred to as such. The term cowboy has become widespread in English and is used extensively as an attributive adjective. Its usage today frequently connotes an impulsive individual who, through a show of force, attempts to resolve a conflict.

Vocabulario Vaquero > cowboy
8 после ужина горчица

погов.

cf. after meat, mustard; a day after the fair

В это время у берега показались русские суда отряда береговой обороны и начали обстреливать японцев во фланг из Лунвентаньской бухты. - После ужина горчица, - возмутились стрелки. -...Моряки прохлаждались в Артуре, а теперь развоевались в пустой след. (А. Степанов, Порт-Артур) — Somewhat later a unit of the Russian coast defence squadron appeared off shore and opened fire on the Japanese flank from Lungwentan Bay. 'The mustard comes when the meat's all eaten,' grumbled the infantrymen... 'The tars were cooling their heels in Port Arthur. But now they're shelling the empty tracks.'

Русско-английский фразеологический словарь > после ужина горчица
9 малко

1. нар. (за мярка, степен, неброимо количество) little

по- малко less

най- малко least

ям/пия/пуша малко eat/drink/smoke little

малко известен little known, obscure

за по- малко (пари) for anything less

малко по-вляво a bit (over) to the left

малко по-нагоре a bit higher up

не приема нито стотинка по- малко от he will take nothing less than

2. (известно количество, до из вестна степен) a little, some; a bit, a touch

(за храна, питие, работа) a spot of

имам малко пари I've got some/a little money

дай ми малко хляб give me some bread

имай малко търпение have some patience

(в незначителна степен) slightly, a bit

познавам го малко I know him slightly

малко съм неразположен I'm slightly/a bit indisposed

(в неопределена степен) somewhat, rather, a bit

малко си при бързал you have been somewhat rash

3. (с бройни същ.) few

малко хора го знаят few people know him

(недостатъчно) (с не бройни същ.) (too) little, not enough

виното беше малко the wine was not enough

(с бройни същ.) (too) few, not enough

даде ми по- малко отколкото трябва he gave me short measure

4. (за време) a little while, a short time, shortly, a bit (earlier/later)

оставам за малко stay for a while

преди малко a short/little while ago

след малко presently, in a moment, in a very few minutes

малко след това shortly after wards

малко преди 4 часа shortly before four o'clock

малко по-рано/по-късно a bit earlier/later

за по- малко от час in less than an hour, within an hour

за- малко for a short time

5. (почти) nearly, all but, narrowly

за/без малко щях да изпусна влака I nearly missed the train

за малко не бутнах лампата I narrowly missed the lamp

за малко не избухнах I all but/nearly lost my temper, I was on the point of flaring up

за малко не загина he narrowly/just missed being killed

за малко не заплаках I was on the point/verge of tears. I nearly burst into tears

парите за малко не ни стигнаха we were just a few levs/pounds etc. short

малко по малко little by little, bit by bit

ни най- малко not at all. not in the least; not in the slightest (degree)

най- малкото at (the very) least; at best

най- малко аз съм човекът, който I am the last person to

и това не е малко! who'd have thought it! that beats all! малко му трябва, за да кипне/да се напие he flares up/gets drunk easily

тимът игра с един човек по- малко the team played a man short

той е малко нещо пи сател he is a bit of a writer

малко-много more or less

от малко-малко at least

задоволявам се с малко make do with (very) little

6. същ. little one, child, baby

(на жи вотно) cub

малки (на животно) young, litter, ( на птица и) nest

раждам малки bring forth young

* * *

ма̀лко,

нареч.

1. (за мярка, степен и пр.) little; \малко по-вляво a bit (over) to the left; \малко по-нагоре a bit higher up; най-\малко least; по-\малко less;

2. (до известна степен) a little, some; a bit, a touch; (за храна, питие, работа) a spot of; имам \малко пари I’ve got some/a little money; (в незначителна степен) slightly, a bit; \малко си прибързал you have been somewhat rash; познавам го \малко l know him slightly; (в неопределена степен) somewhat, rather, a bit;

3. (с броими същ.) few; даде ми по-\малко отколкото трябва he gave me short measure; \малко хора го знаят few people know him; ( недостатъчно) (с неброими същ.) (too) little, not enough; (с броими същ.) (too) few, not enough;

4. (за време) a little while, a short time, shortly, a bit (earlier/later); за \малко for a short time; за по-\малко от час in less than an hour, within an hour; \малко преди 4 часа̀ shortly before four o’clock; \малко след това shortly afterwards; оставам за \малко stay for a while; преди \малко a short/little while ago; след \малко presently, in a moment, in a very few minutes;

5. ( почти) nearly, all but, narrowly; за/без \малко щях да изпусна влака I nearly missed the train; за \малко не бутнах лампата I narrowly missed the lamp; за \малко не загина he narrowly/just missed being killed; за \малко не избухнах I all but/nearly lost my temper, I was on the point of flaring up; задоволявам се с \малко make do with (very) little; и това не е \малко! who’d have thought it! that beats all! \малко-много more or less; \малко му трябва, за да кипне he flares up easily; \малко по \малко little by little, bit by bit, in dribs and drabs, in penny numbers; най-\малко аз съм човекът, който I am the last person to; най-\малко с оценка добър 4 with a mark/grade 4 or better; най-\малкото at (the very) least; at best; ни най-\малко not at all, not in the least; not in the slightest (degree), not by a long chalk; парите за \малко не ни стигнаха we were just a few dollars/pounds etc. short; сега по-\малко от всякога е моментът да it is less than ever the time to; тимът игра с един човек по-\малко the team played a man short.

* * *

a bit; few: малко people know it. - Малко хора го знаят.; little; some: Give me малко bread. - Дай ми малко хляб.; somewhat; a touch (of)

* * *
1. (в незначителна степен) slightly, a bit 2. (в неопределена степен) somewhat, rather, a bit 3. (за време) a little while, a short time, shortly, a bit (earlier/later) 4. (за храна, питие, работа) а spot of 5. (известно количество, до из вестна степен) a little, some;a bit, a touch 6. (на жи вотно) cub 7. (недостатъчно) (с не бройни същ.) (too) little, not enough 8. (почти) nearly, all but, narrowly 9. (с бройни същ.) (too) few, not enough 10. (с бройни същ.) few 11. 1 нар. (за мярка, степен, неброимо количество) little 12. 5 часа shortly before four o'clock 13. 7 същ. little one, child, baby 14. МАЛКО -много more or less 15. МАЛКО известен little known, obscure 16. МАЛКО пo МАЛКО little by little, bit by bit 17. МАЛКО по-вляво a bit (over) to the left 18. МАЛКО по-нагоре a bit higher up 19. МАЛКО по-рано/по-късно a bit earlier/ later 20. МАЛКО преди 21. МАЛКО си при бързал you have been somewhat rash 22. МАЛКО след това shortly after wards 23. МАЛКО съм неразположен I'm slightly/a bit indisposed 24. МАЛКО хора го знаят few people know him 25. виното беше МАЛКО the wine was not enough 26. даде ми по-МАЛКО отколкото трябва he gave me short measure 27. дай ми МАЛКО хляб give me some bread 28. за -МАЛКО for a short time 29. за МАЛКО не бутнах лампата I narrowly missed the lamp 30. за МАЛКО не загина he narrowly/ just missed being killed 31. за МАЛКО не заплаках I was on the point/verge of tears. I nearly burst into tears 32. за МАЛКО не избухнах I all but/nearly lost my temper, I was on the point of flaring up 33. за по- МАЛКО от час in less than an hour, within an hour 34. за по-МАЛКО (пари) for anything less 35. за/без МАЛКО щях да изпусна влака I nearly missed the train 36. задоволявам се с МАЛКО make do with (very) little 37. и това не е МАЛКО! who'd have thought it! that beats all! МАЛКО му трябва, за да кипне/да се напие he flares up/gets drunk easily 38. имай МАЛКО търпение have some patience 39. имам МАЛКО пари I've got some/a little money 40. малки (на животно) young, litter, (на птица и) nest 41. най-МАЛКО least 42. най-МАЛКО аз съм човекът, който I am the last person to 43. най-МАЛКОто at (the very) least;at best 44. не приема нито стотинка по-МАЛКО от he will take nothing less than 45. ни най-МАЛКО not at all. not in the least;not in the slightest (degree) 46. оставам за МАЛКО stay for a while 47. от МАЛКО-МАЛКО at least 48. пo-МАЛКО less 49. парите за МАЛКО не ни стигнаха we were just a few levs/pounds etc. short 50. познавам го МАЛКО I know him slightly 51. преди МАЛКО a short/little while ago 52. раждам малки bring forth young 53. след МАЛКО presently, in a moment, in a very few minutes 54. тимът игра с един човек по-МАЛКО the team played a man short 55. той е МАЛКО нещо пи сател he is a bit of a writer 56. ям/пия/пуша МАЛКО eat/drink/smoke little

Български-английски речник > малко
10 quelque

quelque [kεlk(ə)]

━━━━━━━━━

1. indefinite adjective

2. adverb

━━━━━━━━━

1. <

a. (au singulier) some

• il habite à quelque distance d'ici he lives some distance from here

• j'ai quelque peine à croire cela I find that rather difficult to believe

► quelque temps a while

• dans quelque temps in a while

• attendre quelque temps to wait a while► quelque chose something

• quelque chose d'extraordinaire something extraordinary

• quelque chose d'autre something else

• puis-je faire quelque chose pour vous ? is there something I can do for you?

• il a quelque chose (qui ne va pas) (maladie) there's something wrong with him ; (ennuis) there's something the matter with him

• vous prendrez bien quelque chose do have something to drink

• il y est pour quelque chose he has got something to do with it

• ça y est pour quelque chose it has got something to do with it

• il y a quelque chose comme une semaine something like a week ago

• je t'ai apporté un petit quelque chose I've brought you a little something

• ça m'a fait quelque chose d'apprendre sa mort I was upset when I heard he had died

• il a plu quelque chose de bien ! it rained like anything! (inf)

• ça alors, c'est quelque chose ! that's a bit too much!► quelque part somewhere ; ( = d'une certaine façon) in a way

• je vous ai déjà vue quelque part I've seen you somewhere

• quelque part, c'est un avertissement in a way, it's a warning► quelque... que (formal) whatever

• de quelque façon que l'on envisage le problème whatever way you look at the problem

• il veut l'acheter, à quelque prix que ce soit he wants to buy it no matter how much it costs► en quelque sorte ( = pour ainsi dire) as it were ; ( = d'une certaine manière) in a way

• le liquide s'était en quelque sorte solidifié the liquid had solidified as it were

• on pourrait dire en quelque sorte que... you could say in a way that...

b. (au pluriel) quelques a few

• M. Dupont va vous dire quelques mots Mr Dupont is going to say a few words to you

• quelques milliers a few thousand

• il ne peut rester que quelques instants he can only stay for a few moments

• quelques autres a few others

► et quelques (inf)

20 kg et quelques a bit (inf) over 20kg

• il doit être trois heures et quelques it must be a bit (inf) after three► les quelques

• les quelques enfants qui étaient venus the few children who had come

• les quelques centaines de personnes qui lisent ses romans the few hundred people who read his novels

2. <

( = environ) about

• il y a quelque 20 ans qu'il enseigne ici he has been teaching here for about 20 years

• ça a augmenté de quelque 50 euros it's gone up by about 50 euros

► quelque peu rather

• quelque peu déçu rather disappointed

* * *
kɛlk
1.

adjectif indéfini

1) ( au singulier) ( dans les phrases affirmatives) some; ( dans les phrases interrogatives) any

il y aurait quelque contradiction à dire que — it would be somewhat contradictory to say that

si pour quelque raison que ce soit — if for whatever reason

de quelque côté que nous allions — whichever way we go

2) ( au pluriel) ( dans les phrases affirmatives) some, a few; ( dans les phrases interrogatives) any

je voudrais ajouter quelques mots — I'd like to add a few words

quelques instants — a few moments

est-ce qu'il vous reste quelques cartons? — do you have any boxes left?

ça dure trois heures et quelques — it lasts over three hours

2.

adverbe

1) ( environ)

les quelque deux mille spectateurs — the two thousand odd spectators, the two thousand or so spectators

ça lui a coûté quelque 30 euros — it cost him about 30 euros

2) (si) however

quelque admirable que soit son attitude — however admirable his/her attitude may be

3.

quelque chose pronom indéfini invariable ( dans les phrases affirmatives) something

il y a quelque chose qui ne va pas — something's wrong

ils y sont pour quelque chose — they've got something to do with it

elle est restée quelque chose comme trois heures — she stayed for something like three hours

il me reste quelque chose comme 20 euros — I've got about 20 euros left

quelque chose de mieux — something better

il y aurait quelque chose d'absurde à refuser sa proposition — it would be ridiculous to turn down his offer

c'est quelque chose d'inimaginable! — it's unbelievable!

il a quelque chose de son grand-père — he's got a look of his grandfather about him

faire quelque chose à quelqu'un — [événement, substance] to have an effect on somebody

c'est quelque chose! (colloq) tu es toujours en retard! — for crying out loud! you're always late

en ce temps-là, être instituteur, c'était quelque chose — in those days it was quite something to be a primary school teacher

ça me dit quelque chose — it reminds me of something, it rings a bell

4.

quelque part locution adverbiale somewhere

il lui a mis son pied quelque part — (colloq) euph he gave him/her a kick in the behind

5.

quelque peu locution adverbiale somewhat

il a accepté après avoir quelque peu hésité — he accepted after some hesitation

••

Remarques à propos de ‘quelque chose’

Dans les phrases affirmatives quelque chose se traduit par something: quelque chose m'a frappé = something struck me; j'ai vu quelque chose qui va te plaire = I saw something that you will like

Dans les phrases interrogatives et conditionnelles, l'anglais fait une distinction entre une vraie question dont la réponse peut être oui ou non ou une vraie supposition: avez-vous quelque chose à ajouter? = have you got anything to add?; si tu vois quelque chose de louche = if you see anything suspicious; si quelque chose leur arrivait = if anything happened to them; et une supposition formulée sous forme de question: tu fais une drôle de tête, tu as quelque chose à dire? = you're pulling a face, have you got something to say?; ou de suggestion: si tu as vu quelque chose que tu aimerais pour ton anniversaire = if you have seen something that you'd like for your birthday; si quelque chose te déplaît, dis-le = if there's something you don't like, say so

Voir exemples supplémentaires et exceptions ci-dessous II et III

* * *
kɛlk
1. adj

1) (au singulier) some

quelque espoir — some hope

Il habite à quelque distance d'ici. — He lives some distance from here.

Il trouvera quelque excuse. — He'll find some excuse., He'll find some excuse or other.

2) (en corrélation: n'importe)

quelque... que — whatever, whichever

Quelque livre qu'il choisisse... — Whatever book he chooses..., Whichever book he chooses...

Par quelque temps qu'il fasse... — Whatever the weather...

3)

quelque chose — something, (en tournure interrogative) anything

J'ai quelque chose pour toi. — I've got something for you.

Je voudrais quelque chose de moins cher. — I'd like something cheaper.

y être pour quelque chose — to have something to do with it

faire quelque chose à qn (= émouvoir) — to do something to sb

Avez-vous quelque chose à déclarer? — Have you got anything to declare?

quelque chose d'autre — something else, (tournure interrogative) anything else

Tu as pensé à quelque chose d'autre? — Have you thought of anything else?

4)

quelque part — somewhere, (tournure interrogative) anywhere

J'ai oublié mon sac quelque part. — I've left my bag somewhere.

Vous allez quelque part ce week-end? — Are you going anywhere this weekend?

5) (locution)

en quelque sorte — as it were

6) (au pluriel) some, a few, (en tournure interrogative) any, (en corrélation avec un relatif) few

Il a quelques amis à Paris. — He has some friends in Paris., He has a few friends in Paris.

J'ai acheté quelques disques. — I bought some records., I bought a few records.

Il reste quelques bouteilles. — There are a few bottles left.

Ils ont fini les quelques bouteilles qui restaient. — They finished the few bottles that were left.

7) (autres locutions)

20 kg et quelques — a bit over 20 kg

"quelle heure est-il?" - - "onze heures et quelques" — "what time is it?" - - "just gone eleven"

2. adv

1) (= environ)

quelque 100 mètres — some 100 metres

2) (avec adjectif)

quelque peu — rather, somewhat

J'ai trouvé ça quelque peu déplacé de sa part. — I thought what he said was somewhat uncalled-for.

3) (en corrélation)

quelque difficile que ce soit — however difficult it may be

* * *

quelque ⇒ Note d'usage

A adj indéf

1 ( au singulier) ( dans les phrases affirmatives) some; ( dans les phrases interrogatives) any; nous avons eu quelque difficulté à nous comprendre we had some difficulty in understanding each other; j'ai eu quelque peine à le convaincre I had some trouble persuading him; il sera probablement allé voir quelque ami he's probably gone to see some friend of his; il trouvera bien quelque autre moyen d'y parvenir he's sure to find some other way of managing it; il y a quelque temps some time ago; depuis quelque temps il est déprimé for some time he has been depressed; il y aurait quelque contradiction à dire que it would be somewhat contradictory to say that; si pour quelque raison que ce soit tu ne pouvais pas venir if for whatever reason you were unable to come; quelque décision que tu prennes whatever decision you come to; de quelque côté que nous allions whichever way we go;

2 ( au pluriel) ( dans les phrases affirmatives) some, a few; ( dans les phrases interrogatives) any; quelques jours/chaises/étudiants some ou a few days/chairs/students; je voudrais ajouter quelques mots I'd like to add a few words; quelques instants a few moments; la police a dispersé les quelques manifestants qui restaient the police dispersed the few remaining demonstrators; est-ce qu'il vous reste quelques cartons? do you have any boxes left?; ça dure trois heures et quelques it lasts over three hours.

B adv

1 ( environ) les quelque deux mille spectateurs the two thousand odd spectators, the two thousand or so spectators; il y a quelque 20 ans de cela it was about 20 years ago; ça lui a coûté quelque 300 euros it cost him about 300 euros; ils étaient quelque deux cents hommes they numbered some two hundred men;

2 (si) however; quelque compétents qu'ils soient however competent they may be; quelque admirable que soit son attitude however admirable his attitude may be.

C quelque chose pron indéf inv ( affirmatives) something; vous mangerez/boirez bien quelque chose? you'll eat/drink something won't you?; vous avez fait tomber quelque chose you've knocked something over; elle lui a offert un petit quelque chose she gave him a little something; il faut faire quelque chose! we've got to do something!; il y a quelque chose qui ne va pas something's wrong; quelque chose me dit que something tells me that; ils y sont pour quelque chose they've got something to do with it; il se passe quelque chose there's something going on; il leur est peut-être arrivé quelque chose maybe something's happened to them; elle est restée quelque chose comme trois heures she stayed for something like ou for about three hours; il me reste quelque chose comme 200 euros I've got about 200 euros left; quelque chose d'autre something else; quelque chose de mieux/de moins cher something better/cheaper; il m'a dit quelque chose d'incroyable he told me something amazing; il y a quelque chose d'inquiétant chez elle, elle a quelque chose d'inquiétant there's something strange about her; il y aurait quelque chose d'absurde à refuser sa proposition it would be ridiculous to turn down his offer; il boit, c'est quelque chose d'inimaginable! he drinks such a lot, it's unbelievable!; il a quelque chose de son grand-père he's got a look of his grandfather about him; faire quelque chose à qn [événement, substance] to have an effect on sb; il y a quelque chose comme vent aujourd'hui○! there's quite a wind blowing today!; il y avait quelque chose comme monde en ville○ there was quite a crowd in town; c'est quelque chose! tu es toujours en retard! for crying out loud! you're always late; en ce temps-là, être instituteur, c'était quelque chose in those days it was quite something to be a primary school teacher; leur faire ranger leur chambre, c'est quelque chose! getting them to tidy their room is quite an operation!; c'est déjà quelque chose! that's something at least!; ça me dit quelque chose it reminds me of something, it rings a bell.

D quelque part loc adv somewhere; ils sont quelque part en Autriche they're somewhere in Austria; il lui a mis son pied quelque part○ euph he gave him a kick in the behind; tu n'aurais pas vu mes clés quelque part? you haven't seen my keys anywhere, have you?

E quelque peu loc adv somewhat; ma remarque l'a quelque peu décontenancé he was somewhat taken aback by my remark; il était quelque peu surpris/gêné he was somewhat surprised/embarrassed; il a accepté après avoir quelque peu hésité he accepted after some hesitation.

[kɛlk(ə)] déterminant (adjectif indéfini)

1. [un peu de] some

elle est bizarre depuis quelque temps she's been acting strangely for a ou some time now

2. (soutenu) [n'importe quel] some

il trouvera bien une quelque autre excuse he's bound to find some new excuse or other

3. [en corrélation avec 'que']

dans quelque pays que tu sois whichever ou whatever country you may be in

à quelque heure que ce soit whatever the time, at whatever time

————————

[kɛlk(ə)] adverbe

(soutenu)

1. [approximativement] around, about

il y a quelque 40 ans de cela that was about 40 years ago, that was 40 or so years ago

2. [en corrélation avec 'que']

nous y arriverons, quelque difficile que ce soit we will manage, however difficult it may be

————————

quelques déterminant (adjectif indéfini pluriel)

1. (sans déterminant) a few, some

amène quelques amis bring some ou a few friends along

quelques dizaines de journalistes a few dozen journalists

et quelques (familier) : ça pèse deux kilos et quelques it's a little ou a bit over two kilos

il était cinq heures et quelques it was just after five o'clock

2. (avec déterminant) few

les quelques millions de téléspectateurs qui nous regardent the few million viewers watching us

en quelque sorte locution adverbiale

1. [en un sens] as it were, so to speak, in a manner of speaking

c'est en quelque sorte un cheval avec un buste d'homme it is, as it were ou so to speak, a horse with the head and shoulders of a man

2. [en résumé] in a nutshell, in fact

quelque chose pronom indéfini

1. [dans une affirmation] something

elle a quelque chose aux poumons she's got something wrong with her lungs

ça m'a fait quelque chose de le revoir 20 ans plus tard it was really weird to see him 20 years later

quand il est parti, ça m'a vraiment fait quelque chose when he left, it really affected me

2. [dans une question, une négation, une hypothèse] anything, something

s'il m'arrivait quelque chose, contactez mon notaire if anything ou something should happen to me, contact my solicitor

ça te ferait vraiment quelque chose si je partais? would it really matter to you ou would you feel anything if I left?

3. (familier) [dans une approximation]

elle a quelque chose comme 80 ans she's about 80 ou 80 or so

c'était une Renault 5 ou quelque chose comme ça it was a Renault 5 or something (of the kind) ou like that

Anne quelque chose a téléphoné (familier) Anne something phoned

4. (familier) [emploi expressif]

tu vas recevoir quelque chose! you're asking for it!

je vais te corriger, quelque chose de bien! I'm going to give you a good ou proper hiding!

c'est quelque chose!

a. [ton exaspéré] that's a bit much!

b. [ton admiratif] that's quite something!

quelque part locution adverbiale

1. [dans un lieu] somewhere

tu vas quelque part à Noël? are you going anywhere (special) for Christmas?

2. (familier & euphémisme) [aux toilettes]

elle est allée quelque part she went to wash her hands (euphémisme)

3. (familier & euphémisme) [au derrière]

c'est mon pied quelque part que tu veux? do you want a kick up the backside?

————————

quelque part que locution conjonctive

(littéraire)

quelque part qu'elle regardât wherever she looked

Dictionnaire Français-Anglais > quelque

11 raro

adj.

1 unusual, curious, rare, out of the common.

2 strange, odd, queer, far-out.

3 unfamiliar.

* * *

raro

► adjetivo

1 (poco común) rare

2 (escaso) scarce, rare

■ son raras las personas que saben apreciarlo very few people can appreciate it

3 (peculiar) odd, strange, weird

■ últimamente la encuentro rara I think she's been acting a little strange recently

4 (excelente) excellent

■ escribió un libro raro, una verdadera obra de arte she wrote a very good book, a real work of art

\

FRASEOLOGÍA

¡qué raro! how odd!, that's strange!

rara vez seldom

■ rara vez aparece por aquí she rarely shows her face around here

* * *

(f. - rara)

adj.

1) rare, uncommon, unusual, funny

2) bizarre, weird

3) odd

•

- rara vez

* * *

ADJ

1) (=extraño) strange, odd

es un hombre muy raro — he's a very strange o odd man

es raro que no haya llamado — it's strange o odd that he hasn't called

¡qué raro!, ¡qué cosa más rara! — how (very) strange!, how (very) odd!

2) (=poco común) rare

una especie muy rara — a very rare species

con alguna rara excepción — with few o rare exceptions

de rara perfección — of rare perfection, of remarkable perfection

rara vez nos visita, rara es la vez que nos visita — he rarely visits us

3) (Fís) rare, rarefied

* * *

- ra adjetivo

1)

a) ( extraño) strange, odd, funny (colloq)

es raro que... — it's strange o odd o funny that...

qué cosa más rara! or qué raro! — how odd o strange!

es un poco rara — she's a bit odd o strange

te noto muy raro hoy — you're acting very strangely today; ver bicho 2)

b) ( poco frecuente) rare

salvo raras excepciones — with a few rare exceptions

raro es el día que... — there's rarely o hardly a day when...

aquí es raro que nieve — it's very unusual o rare for it to snow here

2) < gas> rare

* * *

= bizarre, queer, rare, unusual, eccentric, odd, uncommon, untoward, weird [weirder -comp., weirdest -sup.], awry, funny [funnier -comp., funniest -sup.], outlandish, freaky [freakier -comp., freakiest -sup.], uncanny, cranky [crankier -comp., crankiest -sup.], kinky [kinkier -comp., kinkiest -sup.], flaky [flakey], freakish, quirky [quirkier -comp., quirkiest -sup.].

Ex. Some of them will be sufficiently bizarre to suit the most fastidious connoisseur of the present artifacts of civilization.

Ex. Several years later, his talk with a friend turns to the queer ways in which a people resist innovations, even of vital interest.

Ex. In practice critical abstracts are rare, and certainly do not usually feature in published secondary services.

Ex. If the book has an unusual shape then both the height and the width of the book will be given.

Ex. School classrooms are sometimes extraordinarily badly designed with poor acoustics, ineffective blackout facilities, and notoriously eccentric electrical outlets.

Ex. There is little modulation, whole steps of division being short-circuited and an odd assembly of terms being frequently found: e.g.: LAW see also JURY, JUDGES.

Ex. Early woodcut initials, coats of arms, etc., were sometimes made from wood cut across the grain, but the use of end-grain blocks remained uncommon until the later eighteenth century.

Ex. Perhaps, he questioned himself, this is the way every principal operates, and there is nothing untoward in it.

Ex. This paper surveys some of the more weird World Wide Web sites.

Ex. Could she not have detected that something in his behavior was awry?.

Ex. The article 'What's that funny noise? Videogames in the library' explains how videogames have attracted many young irregular library users who may, in time, extend their attention to other library facilities.

Ex. This book discusses some of the most outlandish myths and fantastic realities of medical history.

Ex. This film is really just a series of throwaway skits that the director and scriptwriter attempt to lard with parody and freaky fantasy.

Ex. Surrealism is an art concerned not with love and liberation but with the uncanny, the compulsion to repeat, and the drive toward death.

Ex. For example, you already know that living in a windowless room will make you cranky and out of sorts.

Ex. However, those desiring something off-the-wall, borderline kinky, and just plain mad might appreciate the novel.

Ex. Children who were in some way different were excused from family responsibilities in childhood because they were, for example, 'spoiled,' a 'problem child,' or ' flaky'.

Ex. 1816 was one of several years during the 1810s in which numerous crops failed during freakish summer cold snaps after volcanic eruptions that reduced incoming sunlight.

Ex. 'Why are barns frequently painted red?' -- These are the curious, slightly bizarre and somewhat quirky kinds of questions librarians deal with.

----

* aunque parezca raro = strangely enough, oddly enough, strange though it may seem, strange as it may seem, although it may seem strange, funnily enough, funnily.

* bicho raro = rare bird, odd bird, odd fish, freak of nature, rare breed, weirdo, nerdy [nerdier -comp., nerdiest -sup.], geek, nerd, geeky [geekier -comp., geekiest -sup.].

* colección de libros raros = rare book collection.

* de forma rara = oddly, funnily.

* de manera rara = oddly, funnily.

* demasiado raro = all too rare.

* de modo raro = funnily.

* de una manera rara = strangely.

* de un modo raro = freakishly.

* edición rara = rare edition.

* en casos raros = in rare cases.

* enfermedad rara = rare disease.

* en raras ocasiones = in rare cases.

* en raros casos = in rare cases.

* especie rara = rare breed.

* haber algo raro con = there + be + something fishy going on with.

* Ley de los Medicamentos Raros, la = Orphan Drug Act, the.

* libro raro = rare book.

* muy rara vez = all too seldom, once in a blue moon.

* parecer raro = sound + odd.

* por muy raro que parezca = strangely enough, oddly enough, strange though it may seem, strange as it may seem, although it may seem strange.

* ¡qué raro! = how strange!.

* rara vez = infrequently, rarely, seldom, uncommonly, on rare occasions.

* sala de libros raros = rare book room.

* salvo raras excepciones = with rare exceptions.

* ser algo muy raro = be a rare occurrence.

* * *

- ra adjetivo

1)

a) ( extraño) strange, odd, funny (colloq)

es raro que... — it's strange o odd o funny that...

qué cosa más rara! or qué raro! — how odd o strange!

es un poco rara — she's a bit odd o strange

te noto muy raro hoy — you're acting very strangely today; ver bicho 2)

b) ( poco frecuente) rare

salvo raras excepciones — with a few rare exceptions

raro es el día que... — there's rarely o hardly a day when...

aquí es raro que nieve — it's very unusual o rare for it to snow here

2) < gas> rare

* * *

= bizarre, queer, rare, unusual, eccentric, odd, uncommon, untoward, weird [weirder -comp., weirdest -sup.], awry, funny [funnier -comp., funniest -sup.], outlandish, freaky [freakier -comp., freakiest -sup.], uncanny, cranky [crankier -comp., crankiest -sup.], kinky [kinkier -comp., kinkiest -sup.], flaky [flakey], freakish, quirky [quirkier -comp., quirkiest -sup.].

Ex: Some of them will be sufficiently bizarre to suit the most fastidious connoisseur of the present artifacts of civilization.

Ex: Several years later, his talk with a friend turns to the queer ways in which a people resist innovations, even of vital interest.

Ex: In practice critical abstracts are rare, and certainly do not usually feature in published secondary services.

Ex: If the book has an unusual shape then both the height and the width of the book will be given.

Ex: School classrooms are sometimes extraordinarily badly designed with poor acoustics, ineffective blackout facilities, and notoriously eccentric electrical outlets.

Ex: There is little modulation, whole steps of division being short-circuited and an odd assembly of terms being frequently found: e.g.: LAW see also JURY, JUDGES.

Ex: Early woodcut initials, coats of arms, etc., were sometimes made from wood cut across the grain, but the use of end-grain blocks remained uncommon until the later eighteenth century.

Ex: Perhaps, he questioned himself, this is the way every principal operates, and there is nothing untoward in it.

Ex: This paper surveys some of the more weird World Wide Web sites.

Ex: Could she not have detected that something in his behavior was awry?.

Ex: The article 'What's that funny noise? Videogames in the library' explains how videogames have attracted many young irregular library users who may, in time, extend their attention to other library facilities.

Ex: This book discusses some of the most outlandish myths and fantastic realities of medical history.

Ex: This film is really just a series of throwaway skits that the director and scriptwriter attempt to lard with parody and freaky fantasy.

Ex: Surrealism is an art concerned not with love and liberation but with the uncanny, the compulsion to repeat, and the drive toward death.

Ex: For example, you already know that living in a windowless room will make you cranky and out of sorts.

Ex: However, those desiring something off-the-wall, borderline kinky, and just plain mad might appreciate the novel.

Ex: Children who were in some way different were excused from family responsibilities in childhood because they were, for example, 'spoiled,' a 'problem child,' or ' flaky'.

Ex: 1816 was one of several years during the 1810s in which numerous crops failed during freakish summer cold snaps after volcanic eruptions that reduced incoming sunlight.

Ex: 'Why are barns frequently painted red?' -- These are the curious, slightly bizarre and somewhat quirky kinds of questions librarians deal with.

* aunque parezca raro = strangely enough, oddly enough, strange though it may seem, strange as it may seem, although it may seem strange, funnily enough, funnily.

* bicho raro = rare bird, odd bird, odd fish, freak of nature, rare breed, weirdo, nerdy [nerdier -comp., nerdiest -sup.], geek, nerd, geeky [geekier -comp., geekiest -sup.].

* colección de libros raros = rare book collection.

* de forma rara = oddly, funnily.

* de manera rara = oddly, funnily.

* demasiado raro = all too rare.

* de modo raro = funnily.

* de una manera rara = strangely.

* de un modo raro = freakishly.

* edición rara = rare edition.

* en casos raros = in rare cases.

* enfermedad rara = rare disease.

* en raras ocasiones = in rare cases.

* en raros casos = in rare cases.

* especie rara = rare breed.

* haber algo raro con = there + be + something fishy going on with.

* Ley de los Medicamentos Raros, la = Orphan Drug Act, the.

* libro raro = rare book.

* muy rara vez = all too seldom, once in a blue moon.

* parecer raro = sound + odd.

* por muy raro que parezca = strangely enough, oddly enough, strange though it may seem, strange as it may seem, although it may seem strange.

* ¡qué raro! = how strange!.

* rara vez = infrequently, rarely, seldom, uncommonly, on rare occasions.

* sala de libros raros = rare book room.

* salvo raras excepciones = with rare exceptions.

* ser algo muy raro = be a rare occurrence.

* * *

raro -ra

adjective

A

1 (extraño) strange, odd, funny ( colloq)

es raro que aún no haya venido it's strange o odd o funny that he hasn't come yet

ya me parecía raro que no salieras I thought it was a bit strange o odd you weren't going out

¡qué cosa más rara! or ¡qué raro! how odd o strange o funny o peculiar!

me siento raro en este ambiente I feel strange o funny in these surroundings

es un poco rarilla she's a bit odd o strange o funny o peculiar

¿qué te pasa hoy? te noto/estás muy raro what's up with you today? you're acting very strangely

me miró como si fuera un bicho raro ( fam); he looked at me as if I was some kind of weirdo ( colloq)

¡qué tipo más raro! what a strange o peculiar o funny man!

2 (poco frecuente, común) rare

salvo raras excepciones with a few rare exceptions

raro es el día que no sale there's rarely o hardly a day when she doesn't go out

aquí es raro que nieve it rarely o seldom snows here, it's very unusual o rare for it to snow here

B ‹gas› rare

* * *

raro
◊ -ra adjetivo

a) ( extraño) strange, odd, funny (colloq);

◊ es raro que … it's strange o odd o funny that …;

¡qué raro! how odd o strange!;
te noto muy raro hoy you're acting very strangely today
b) ( poco frecuente) rare;

◊ salvo raras excepciones with a few rare exceptions;

aquí es raro que nieve it's very unusual o rare for it to snow here
raro,-a adjetivo
1 (no frecuente) rare: es raro que no llame, it's unusual for her not to telephone
2 (poco común) odd, strange: ¡qué sombrero más raro!, what a weird hat!
tiene un raro sentido del humor, he's got a warped sense of humour
♦ Locuciones: Paco es un bicho raro, Paco is a weirdo
' raro' also found in these entries:
Spanish:
bicho
- chocante
- disgustar
- individuo
- particular
- peculiar
- rara
- singular
- tipo
- artefacto
- extraño
- gusto
- olor
- sonar
English:
flaky
- funny
- most
- odd
- odd-looking
- oddbod
- oddity
- odor
- odour
- peculiar
- queer
- rare
- set-up
- should
- strange
- strangely
- unlikely
- unusual
- weird
- for
- how
- incongruous
- like
- oddball
- seem
- strike
- uncanny

* * *

raro, -a adj

1. [extraño] strange, odd;

¡qué raro! how strange o odd!;

¡qué raro que no haya llamado! it's very strange o odd that she hasn't called;

es raro que no nos lo haya dicho it's odd o funny that she didn't tell us;

ya me parecía raro que no hubiera dicho nada I thought it was strange o odd that he hadn't said anything;

no sé qué le pasa últimamente, está o [m5] la noto muy rara I don't know what's up with her lately, she's been acting very strangely

2. [excepcional] unusual, rare;
[visita] infrequent;
rara vez rarely;

es raro el día que viene a comer she very rarely comes round for lunch;

raro es el que no fuma very few of them don't smoke

3. [extravagante] odd, eccentric

4. [escaso] rare

5. Quím rare

* * *

raro

adj

1 rare

2 ( extraño) strange;

¡qué raro! how strange!

* * *

raro, -ra adj

1) extraño: odd, strange, peculiar

2) : unusual, rare

3) : exceptional

4)

rara vez : seldom, rarely

* * *

raro adj

1. (extraño) strange / odd

es raro que no haya venido it's strange that she hasn't come

2. (poco frecuente) rare

los gorilas albinos son animales raros albino gorillas are rare animals

Spanish-English dictionary > raro

12 aliquantus

ălĭquantus, a, um, adj. [alius-quantus; v. aliquis], somewhat, some, moderate, tolerable; considerable, not a little (designating the medium between much and little; cf. Ernest. ad Suet. Caes. 87; Wolf ad Suet. Caes. 10; Hotting. ad Cic. Div. 2, 1; Herz. ad Caes. B. G. 3, 13; 5, 10; Brut. ad Nep. Dion, 3, 3; Kritz ad Sall. C. 8, 2).
I.
In gen.: M. sed quaero, utrum aliquid actum superioribus diebus, an nihil arbitremur: A. Actum vero et aliquantum quidem, Cic. Tusc. 5, 6, 15:
Romani signorum et armorum aliquanto numero, hostium paucorum potiti,
Sall. J. 74, 3:
timor aliquantus, sed spes amplior,
id. ib. 105, 4:
spatium,
Liv. 38, 27:
iter,
id. 25, 35:
pecunia,
App. Mag. p. 320, 1.—
II.
Esp.
A.
In the neutr. as subst.:
ad quos aliquantum ex cotidianis sumptibus redundet,
Cic. Cael. 57:
Alienus ex eā facultate, si quam habet, aliquantum detracturus est,
somewhat, id. Div. in Caecil. 15:
ut aliquantum se arbitrentur adeptos ad dicendum,
id. Off. 1, 1; id. Phil. 8, 27; and esp. with partit. gen., some part, some:
aliquantum agri,
Cic. Off. 1, 10, 33:
nummorum aliquantum et auri,
id. Clu. 179:
temporis,
id. Quint. 22:
animi,
id. Att. 7, 13 fin.:
noctis,
id. Fam. 7, 25 fin. al.:
aliquantum negotii sustinere,
id. Q. Fr. 1, 1, 7:
itineris,
Caes. B. G. 5, 10 Herz.:
equorum et armorum,
Sall. J. 62, 5:
famae et auctoritatis,
Liv. 44, 33; 21, 28; 30, 8; 41, 16 al.; Suet. Caes. 81.—
B.
The plur. rare, and only in later Lat.:
aliquanti in caelestium numerum referuntur,
Aur. Vict. Caes. 33:
aliquanta oppida,
Eutr. 4 fin.; Spart. Hadr. 7 fin.:
aliquantis diebus,
Pall. 1, 19.—Whence, ălĭquantum and ălĭ-quantō, adv. (on the proportionate use of these forms with the posit. and comp. v. Beier ad Cic. Off. 3, 9, 38; Herz. ad Caes. B. G. 5, 10; Web. ad Luc. 2, 225; Zumpt, Gr. § 488), somewhat, in some degree, a little, rather; considerably, not a little (cf. aliquantus).
1.
In gen.
(α).
Aliquantum: Ba. Nam ut in navi vecta es, credo timida es. So. Aliquantum, soror, somewhat so, Plaut. Bacch. 1, 1, 73:
quae (consolatio) mihi quidem ipsi sane aliquantum medetur, ceteris item multum illam profuturam puto,
Cic. Div. 2, 1, 3: item qui processit aliquantum ad virtutis aditum ( has come somewhat near), nihilominus, etc., id. Fin. 3, 14, 48:
aliquantum commoveri,
id. Clu. 140:
quod nisi meo adventu illius conatus aliquantum repressissem,
id. Verr. 2, 64:
movit aliquantum oratio regis legatos,
Liv. 39, 29; so id. 5, 23 al.: huc concede aliquantum ( a little), Plaut. Trin. 2, 4, 116:
aliquantum ventriosus,
id. As. 2, 3, 20:
quale sit, non tam definitione intellegi potest (quamquam aliquantum potest), quam, etc.,
to some extent, in some degree, Cic. Fin. 2, 14, 45:
litteris lectis aliquantum acquievi,
id. Fam. 4, 6:
adjutus aliquantum,
Suet. Tib. 13.—
(β).
Aliquanto:
non modo non contra legem, sed etiam intra legem et quidem aliquanto,
not a little, considerably so, Cic. Fam. 9, 26, 9: terra etsi aliquanto specie differt, etc., * Tac. G. 5.—
2.
Esp., with compp. it has greater or less force, acc. to the context, much more or a little more, somewhat more (the latter sometimes ironic. instead of the former; cf. Quint. 1, 12, 4 Spald.; in class. prose very freq.; most freq. prob. in Suet.; but never perh. in poetry, except in the examples from the ante-class. per.).
(α).
With aliquanto: Ch. Abeamus intro hinc ad me. St. Atque aliquanto lubentius quam abs te sum egressus, Plaut. Ep. 3, 2, 43:
aliquanto amplius,
id. As. 3, 3, 2; so Cic. Verr. 2, 1:
aliquanto plus,
id. ib. 2, 1:
minus aliquanto,
id. Div. in Caecil. 18:
melius aliquanto,
id. Brut. 78, 270:
sed certe idem melius aliquanto dicerent, si, etc.,
id. de Or. 2, 24, 103:
carinae aliquanto planiores quam nostrarum navium,
much flatter, Caes. B. G. 3, 13 Herz.; so,
aliquanto crudelior esse coepit,
Nep. Dion, 3, 3:
cum majore aliquanto numero quam decretum erat,
Sall. J. 86, 4; so id. C. 8, 2; id. J. 79, 4:
aliquanto superior,
Liv. 5, 26, 6:
ad majus aliquanto certamen redit,
Liv. 5, 29, 5; so id: 27, 36, 7; Quint. 1, 12, 4; Suet. Caes. 10; 86; id. Tib. 62 al.:
soluta est navis aliquanto prius,
some time before, Plaut. Stich. 3, 1, 15:
maturius aliquanto lupinus seritur,
Pall. R. R. 10, 5:
aliquanto serius quam per aetatem liceret,
Cic. Agr. 2, 3.—So with ante and post:
aliquanto ante in provinciam proficiscitur, quam,
Cic. Verr. 1, 149; 3, 44:
ante aliquanto quam est mortuus,
id. ib. 2, 46; id. Vatin. 25:
ad illos aliquanto post venit,
id. Verr. 4, 85:
porticum post aliquanto Q. Catulus fecit,
id. Dom. 102: atque ille primo quidem negavit; post autem aliquanto ( but some time afterwards) surrexit, id. Cat. 3, 11:
postea aliquanto,
id. Inv. 2, 51, 154.—
(β).
With aliquantum:
aliquantum ad rem est avidior,
Ter. Eun. 1, 2, 51:
fortasse aliquantum iniquior erat,
id. Heaut. 1, 2, 27:
aliquantum amplior augustiorque,
Liv. 1, 7, 9:
aliquantum taetrior,
Val. Max. 5, 9, 3:
Garumna aliquantum plenior,
Mel. 3, 2, 5.

Lewis & Short latin dictionary > aliquantus

13 SVÁ

adv.

1) so, thus;

ertu Íslenzkr maðr? — hann sagði, at svá var, he said it was so;

svá er sagt, at, it is told that;

2) joined with another particle, svá … ok, both … and;

svá starf ok torveldi, both toil and trouble;

svá ráns-maðrinn ok okrkarlinn, the robber as well as the usurer;

ok svá, and also, as also;

sumarit ok svá um vetrinn, the summer, as also the winter;

fögr augu ok svá snarlig, fair eyes and also sharp;

3) so, denoting degree (œrit mun hann stórvirkr, en eigi veit ek, hvárt hann er svá góðvirkr);

Gunnarr spyrr, hví Njáli þœtti þetta svá úráðligt, why he thought this so unwise;

ekki meirr en svá, not more than so, so and no more;

4) followed by an adjective and ‘at’, svá ríkr, góðr, mikill, margir, fáir … at, so mighty, good, great, many, few … that;

svá at, so that;

kaldr (sjúkr) svá, at, so cold (sick) that;

contracted ‘svát’, svát ek muna, that (so far as) I remember;

with a gen., Hallfreðr er svá manna, at ek skil sízt, H. is such a man as I never can make out;

hón er svá kvenna (= hón er svá af konum), at mér er mest um at eiga, she is just such a woman as I most want;

5) svá … sem, as … as;

hárit var svá fagrt sem silki, as fair (soft) as silk;

svá vel sem þér ferr, well as thou behavest;

6) so, then (gengu þeir norðr yfir hálsinn ok svá fram á Rastarkálf);

7) joined to an a. or adv., about, pretty much;

slíkar svá fortölur, somewhat such persuasion;

þat mun þó svá nær fara, yet it will be just on the verge of that;

nakkvat svá, somewhat so;

fegnir nakkvat (nökkut) svá, rather glad;

mjök svá, almost, very nearly, all but (mjök svá kominn at bana).

* * *

adv., so in old rhymes in the 13th century, e. g. svá and gá, Mkv. 20; svá and á, Ht. 82; later form svó (freq. in the 14th and 15th centuries); whence svo, and lastly so: [a common Teut. particle; Ulf. swê; A. S. swâ; Engl. and Germ. so; Dan. saa.]

B. So, thus; ertú Íslenzkr maðr?—Hann sagði at svá var, he said it was so, Nj. 6; beiddi Þorsteinn Atla at … Hann görði svá, he did so, Ísl. ii. 193; nú görðu þeir svá, so they did, Fms. x. 238; eigi görr enn svá, ‘not farther than so,’ only so far, Grág. i. 136; þeir heita svá, thus, Edda, Hom. 141; ef þú vill eigi segja mér, ok farir þú svá (thus, i. e. without letting me know) héðan, Fms. vii. 30; þeir segja svá Ólafi konungi, at …, iii. 181; svá er sagt, at …, it is told, that …, vi. 3.

2. joined with another particle; svá ok, so also, also; svá skal ok ætla þeim er þá kömr við, Grág. i. 235; svá ráns-maðrinn ok okrkarlinn, the robber as well as the usurer, Mar.; öll landráð, svá lögmál ok sættar-görðir, the law as well as the s., Sks. 13 B; svá starf ok torveldi, both toil and trouble, Fms. vii. 221; ok svá, and also, as also; höfuð hans ok svá marga dýrgripi, Eg. 86; sumarit ok svá um vetrinn, the summer, as also the winter, Fms. xi. 51; fögr augu ok svá snarlig, fair eyes and also sharp, i. 102; ekki líkr yfirlits föður sínum ok svá í skaplyndi (here ok svá is adversative = né), x. 266; í Suðrlöndum ok svá norðr, Þiðr.; þeir minntu konung opt á þat, ok svá þat með, at…, Eg. 85; ok hlaða svá veggi, and also make the walls, Grág. ii. 336; austr undir Eyjafjöll ok svá austr í Holt, and so also east of H., Nj. 261.

II. so, denoting degree; ærit man hann stórvirkr, en eigi veit ok hvárt hann er svá ( equally) góðvirkr, Nj. 55: with a compar., eigi getr nær enn svá, it is not to be got nearer than so, Clem. 46; ekki meirr enn svá, not more than so, so and not more, with an adverse notion; ekki þótta ek nú dæll meirr enn svá, Fms. xi. 91; eigi fengiligri enn svá, Sturl. i. 159.

2. svá followed by an adjective and ‘at;’ svá ríkr, góðr, mikill, margr, fáir … at, so mighty, good, great, many, few … that, Nj. 1, Fms. i. 3, passim; svá at, so that, contracted svát (as þótt for þó at), see ‘at’ III. γ (p. 29, col. 2): the svá put after the adjective, kaldr svá at, so cold that, Edda (pref.); ástblindir svá, Mkv.; sjúkr svá, at ( so sick that) hann sé kominn at bana, Fms. xi. 158: with a gen., Hallfreðr er svá manna, at ek skil sízt hvat manna at er, H. is such a man as I never can make out, Fs. 98; hón er svá kvenna, at mér er mest um at eiga just such a woman as I like best, Ld. 302; hón er svá meyja í Noregi, at ek vilda helzt eiga, Fms. v. 310.

3. svá sem, so as, as; þjóna honum svá sem börn föður, Edda 13; ok svá sem hón er sterk, þá mon hón brotna, er …, strong as it(the bridge) is, it will break when …, 8 (see sem); hárit var svá fagrt sem silki, fair as silk, Nj. 2; þeim konungi sem svá er góðr ok rétt víss sem Ingi, i. e. so very good and just a king, Fms. vii. 263; svá vel sem þér ferr, well as thou behavest, Nj. 225.

4. the phrase, gör svá vel, be so good as to, I pray thee! Nj. 111, Fms. vii. 157; göri guðin þá svá vel, láti mik eigi bíða, Al. 106.

5. in greeting; heill svá! 623. 17; heilir svá, Stj. 124, 475, Karl. 507; ek svá heill! Fms. v. 230; svá vil ek heil! Grett. 170 new Ed; farit ér í svá gramendr allir! Dropl. 23.

III. slíkr svá, nokkur svá, því-líkr svá, mjök svá, somewhat so, much in that way, about so; slíkum svá fortölum, such a persuasion, Al. 33; ekki meira enn slíkt svá, not more than so, Fms. v. 308; þvílíkum svá mönnum, sem þit erut, Eg. 739; þiggja gjafar at slíkum svá mönnum, Fms. vi. 99; nakkvat svá, somewhat so, xi. 11; fegnir nokkut svá, i. e. rather glad, quite glad, viii. 27 (v. l. mjök svá, very); mjök svá, almost, very nearly, all but; hafa lokit mjök svá heyverkum, Ísl. ii. 329; mjök svá kominn at landi, Fms. i. 212; mjök svá kominn at bana, 158; mjök svá feginn, viii. 27, v. l.; allmjök svá, v. 320.

2. the phrases, svá-gurt, see soguru and göra (F. III); svá-búit, see búa (B. II. 2. δ): svá-nær, so near, i. e. quite near; þat mun þó svá nær fara, it will be quite on the verge of that, Nj. 49; ef barn elsk svá-nær Páskum, just before Easter, K. Þ. K. 7 new Ed.; lagði þá svá nær, at…, Nj. 163; hafði svá nær, at, 160.

Íslensk-ensk orðabók > SVÁ

14 Historical Portugal

   Before Romans described western Iberia or Hispania as "Lusitania," ancient Iberians inhabited the land. Phoenician and Greek trading settlements grew up in the Tagus estuary area and nearby coasts. Beginning around 202 BCE, Romans invaded what is today southern Portugal. With Rome's defeat of Carthage, Romans proceeded to conquer and rule the western region north of the Tagus, which they named Roman "Lusitania." In the fourth century CE, as Rome's rule weakened, the area experienced yet another invasion—Germanic tribes, principally the Suevi, who eventually were Christianized. During the sixth century CE, the Suevi kingdom was superseded by yet another Germanic tribe—the Christian Visigoths.

   A major turning point in Portugal's history came in 711, as Muslim armies from North Africa, consisting of both Arab and Berber elements, invaded the Iberian Peninsula from across the Straits of Gibraltar. They entered what is now Portugal in 714, and proceeded to conquer most of the country except for the far north. For the next half a millennium, Islam and Muslim presence in Portugal left a significant mark upon the politics, government, language, and culture of the country.

   Islam, Reconquest, and Portugal Created, 714-1140

   The long frontier struggle between Muslim invaders and Christian communities in the north of the Iberian peninsula was called the Reconquista (Reconquest). It was during this struggle that the first dynasty of Portuguese kings (Burgundian) emerged and the independent monarchy of Portugal was established. Christian forces moved south from what is now the extreme north of Portugal and gradually defeated Muslim forces, besieging and capturing towns under Muslim sway. In the ninth century, as Christian forces slowly made their way southward, Christian elements were dominant only in the area between Minho province and the Douro River; this region became known as "territorium Portu-calense."

   In the 11th century, the advance of the Reconquest quickened as local Christian armies were reinforced by crusading knights from what is now France and England. Christian forces took Montemor (1034), at the Mondego River; Lamego (1058); Viseu (1058); and Coimbra (1064). In 1095, the king of Castile and Léon granted the country of "Portu-cale," what became northern Portugal, to a Burgundian count who had emigrated from France. This was the foundation of Portugal. In 1139, a descendant of this count, Afonso Henriques, proclaimed himself "King of Portugal." He was Portugal's first monarch, the "Founder," and the first of the Burgundian dynasty, which ruled until 1385.

   The emergence of Portugal in the 12th century as a separate monarchy in Iberia occurred before the Christian Reconquest of the peninsula. In the 1140s, the pope in Rome recognized Afonso Henriques as king of Portugal. In 1147, after a long, bloody siege, Muslim-occupied Lisbon fell to Afonso Henriques's army. Lisbon was the greatest prize of the 500-year war. Assisting this effort were English crusaders on their way to the Holy Land; the first bishop of Lisbon was an Englishman. When the Portuguese captured Faro and Silves in the Algarve province in 1248-50, the Reconquest of the extreme western portion of the Iberian peninsula was complete—significantly, more than two centuries before the Spanish crown completed the Reconquest of the eastern portion by capturing Granada in 1492.

   Consolidation and Independence of Burgundian Portugal, 1140-1385

   Two main themes of Portugal's early existence as a monarchy are the consolidation of control over the realm and the defeat of a Castil-ian threat from the east to its independence. At the end of this period came the birth of a new royal dynasty (Aviz), which prepared to carry the Christian Reconquest beyond continental Portugal across the straits of Gibraltar to North Africa. There was a variety of motives behind these developments. Portugal's independent existence was imperiled by threats from neighboring Iberian kingdoms to the north and east. Politics were dominated not only by efforts against the Muslims in

   Portugal (until 1250) and in nearby southern Spain (until 1492), but also by internecine warfare among the kingdoms of Castile, Léon, Aragon, and Portugal. A final comeback of Muslim forces was defeated at the battle of Salado (1340) by allied Castilian and Portuguese forces. In the emerging Kingdom of Portugal, the monarch gradually gained power over and neutralized the nobility and the Church.

   The historic and commonplace Portuguese saying "From Spain, neither a good wind nor a good marriage" was literally played out in diplomacy and war in the late 14th-century struggles for mastery in the peninsula. Larger, more populous Castile was pitted against smaller Portugal. Castile's Juan I intended to force a union between Castile and Portugal during this era of confusion and conflict. In late 1383, Portugal's King Fernando, the last king of the Burgundian dynasty, suddenly died prematurely at age 38, and the Master of Aviz, Portugal's most powerful nobleman, took up the cause of independence and resistance against Castile's invasion. The Master of Aviz, who became King João I of Portugal, was able to obtain foreign assistance. With the aid of English archers, Joao's armies defeated the Castilians in the crucial battle of Aljubarrota, on 14 August 1385, a victory that assured the independence of the Portuguese monarchy from its Castilian nemesis for several centuries.

   Aviz Dynasty and Portugal's First Overseas Empire, 1385-1580

   The results of the victory at Aljubarrota, much celebrated in Portugal's art and monuments, and the rise of the Aviz dynasty also helped to establish a new merchant class in Lisbon and Oporto, Portugal's second city. This group supported King João I's program of carrying the Reconquest to North Africa, since it was interested in expanding Portugal's foreign commerce and tapping into Muslim trade routes and resources in Africa. With the Reconquest against the Muslims completed in Portugal and the threat from Castile thwarted for the moment, the Aviz dynasty launched an era of overseas conquest, exploration, and trade. These efforts dominated Portugal's 15th and 16th centuries.

   The overseas empire and age of Discoveries began with Portugal's bold conquest in 1415 of the Moroccan city of Ceuta. One royal member of the 1415 expedition was young, 21-year-old Prince Henry, later known in history as "Prince Henry the Navigator." His part in the capture of Ceuta won Henry his knighthood and began Portugal's "Marvelous Century," during which the small kingdom was counted as a European and world power of consequence. Henry was the son of King João I and his English queen, Philippa of Lancaster, but he did not inherit the throne. Instead, he spent most of his life and his fortune, and that of the wealthy military Order of Christ, on various imperial ventures and on voyages of exploration down the African coast and into the Atlantic. While mythology has surrounded Henry's controversial role in the Discoveries, and this role has been exaggerated, there is no doubt that he played a vital part in the initiation of Portugal's first overseas empire and in encouraging exploration. He was naturally curious, had a sense of mission for Portugal, and was a strong leader. He also had wealth to expend; at least a third of the African voyages of the time were under his sponsorship. If Prince Henry himself knew little science, significant scientific advances in navigation were made in his day.

   What were Portugal's motives for this new imperial effort? The well-worn historical cliche of "God, Glory, and Gold" can only partly explain the motivation of a small kingdom with few natural resources and barely 1 million people, which was greatly outnumbered by the other powers it confronted. Among Portuguese objectives were the desire to exploit known North African trade routes and resources (gold, wheat, leather, weaponry, and other goods that were scarce in Iberia); the need to outflank the Muslim world in the Mediterranean by sailing around Africa, attacking Muslims en route; and the wish to ally with Christian kingdoms beyond Africa. This enterprise also involved a strategy of breaking the Venetian spice monopoly by trading directly with the East by means of discovering and exploiting a sea route around Africa to Asia. Besides the commercial motives, Portugal nurtured a strong crusading sense of Christian mission, and various classes in the kingdom saw an opportunity for fame and gain.

   By the time of Prince Henry's death in 1460, Portugal had gained control of the Atlantic archipelagos of the Azores and Madeiras, begun to colonize the Cape Verde Islands, failed to conquer the Canary Islands from Castile, captured various cities on Morocco's coast, and explored as far as Senegal, West Africa, down the African coast. By 1488, Bar-tolomeu Dias had rounded the Cape of Good Hope in South Africa and thereby discovered the way to the Indian Ocean.

   Portugal's largely coastal African empire and later its fragile Asian empire brought unexpected wealth but were purchased at a high price. Costs included wars of conquest and defense against rival powers, manning the far-flung navel and trade fleets and scattered castle-fortresses, and staffing its small but fierce armies, all of which entailed a loss of skills and population to maintain a scattered empire. Always short of capital, the monarchy became indebted to bankers. There were many defeats beginning in the 16th century at the hands of the larger imperial European monarchies (Spain, France, England, and Holland) and many attacks on Portugal and its strung-out empire. Typically, there was also the conflict that arose when a tenuously held world empire that rarely if ever paid its way demanded finance and manpower Portugal itself lacked.

   The first 80 years of the glorious imperial era, the golden age of Portugal's imperial power and world influence, was an African phase. During 1415-88, Portuguese navigators and explorers in small ships, some of them caravelas (caravels), explored the treacherous, disease-ridden coasts of Africa from Morocco to South Africa beyond the Cape of Good Hope. By the 1470s, the Portuguese had reached the Gulf of Guinea and, in the early 1480s, what is now Angola. Bartolomeu Dias's extraordinary voyage of 1487-88 to South Africa's coast and the edge of the Indian Ocean convinced Portugal that the best route to Asia's spices and Christians lay south, around the tip of southern Africa. Between 1488 and 1495, there was a hiatus caused in part by domestic conflict in Portugal, discussion of resources available for further conquests beyond Africa in Asia, and serious questions as to Portugal's capacity to reach beyond Africa. In 1495, King Manuel and his council decided to strike for Asia, whatever the consequences. In 1497-99, Vasco da Gama, under royal orders, made the epic two-year voyage that discovered the sea route to western India (Asia), outflanked Islam and Venice, and began Portugal's Asian empire. Within 50 years, Portugal had discovered and begun the exploitation of its largest colony, Brazil, and set up forts and trading posts from the Middle East (Aden and Ormuz), India (Calicut, Goa, etc.), Malacca, and Indonesia to Macau in China.

   By the 1550s, parts of its largely coastal, maritime trading post empire from Morocco to the Moluccas were under siege from various hostile forces, including Muslims, Christians, and Hindi. Although Moroccan forces expelled the Portuguese from the major coastal cities by 1550, the rival European monarchies of Castile (Spain), England, France, and later Holland began to seize portions of her undermanned, outgunned maritime empire.

   In 1580, Phillip II of Spain, whose mother was a Portuguese princess and who had a strong claim to the Portuguese throne, invaded Portugal, claimed the throne, and assumed control over the realm and, by extension, its African, Asian, and American empires. Phillip II filled the power vacuum that appeared in Portugal following the loss of most of Portugal's army and its young, headstrong King Sebastião in a disastrous war in Morocco. Sebastiao's death in battle (1578) and the lack of a natural heir to succeed him, as well as the weak leadership of the cardinal who briefly assumed control in Lisbon, led to a crisis that Spain's strong monarch exploited. As a result, Portugal lost its independence to Spain for a period of 60 years.

   Portugal under Spanish Rule, 1580-1640

   Despite the disastrous nature of Portugal's experience under Spanish rule, "The Babylonian Captivity" gave birth to modern Portuguese nationalism, its second overseas empire, and its modern alliance system with England. Although Spain allowed Portugal's weakened empire some autonomy, Spanish rule in Portugal became increasingly burdensome and unacceptable. Spain's ambitious imperial efforts in Europe and overseas had an impact on the Portuguese as Spain made greater and greater demands on its smaller neighbor for manpower and money. Portugal's culture underwent a controversial Castilianization, while its empire became hostage to Spain's fortunes. New rival powers England, France, and Holland attacked and took parts of Spain's empire and at the same time attacked Portugal's empire, as well as the mother country.

   Portugal's empire bore the consequences of being attacked by Spain's bitter enemies in what was a form of world war. Portuguese losses were heavy. By 1640, Portugal had lost most of its Moroccan cities as well as Ceylon, the Moluccas, and sections of India. With this, Portugal's Asian empire was gravely weakened. Only Goa, Damão, Diu, Bombay, Timor, and Macau remained and, in Brazil, Dutch forces occupied the northeast.

   On 1 December 1640, long commemorated as a national holiday, Portuguese rebels led by the duke of Braganza overthrew Spanish domination and took advantage of Spanish weakness following a more serious rebellion in Catalonia. Portugal regained independence from Spain, but at a price: dependence on foreign assistance to maintain its independence in the form of the renewal of the alliance with England.

   Restoration and Second Empire, 1640-1822

   Foreign affairs and empire dominated the restoration era and aftermath, and Portugal again briefly enjoyed greater European power and prestige. The Anglo-Portuguese Alliance was renewed and strengthened in treaties of 1642, 1654, and 1661, and Portugal's independence from Spain was underwritten by English pledges and armed assistance. In a Luso-Spanish treaty of 1668, Spain recognized Portugal's independence. Portugal's alliance with England was a marriage of convenience and necessity between two monarchies with important religious, cultural, and social differences. In return for legal, diplomatic, and trade privileges, as well as the use during war and peace of Portugal's great Lisbon harbor and colonial ports for England's navy, England pledged to protect Portugal and its scattered empire from any attack. The previously cited 17th-century alliance treaties were renewed later in the Treaty of Windsor, signed in London in 1899. On at least 10 different occasions after 1640, and during the next two centuries, England was central in helping prevent or repel foreign invasions of its ally, Portugal.

   Portugal's second empire (1640-1822) was largely Brazil-oriented. Portuguese colonization, exploitation of wealth, and emigration focused on Portuguese America, and imperial revenues came chiefly from Brazil. Between 1670 and 1740, Portugal's royalty and nobility grew wealthier on funds derived from Brazilian gold, diamonds, sugar, tobacco, and other crops, an enterprise supported by the Atlantic slave trade and the supply of African slave labor from West Africa and Angola. Visitors today can see where much of that wealth was invested: Portugal's rich legacy of monumental architecture. Meanwhile, the African slave trade took a toll in Angola and West Africa.

   In continental Portugal, absolutist monarchy dominated politics and government, and there was a struggle for position and power between the monarchy and other institutions, such as the Church and nobility. King José I's chief minister, usually known in history as the marquis of Pombal (ruled 1750-77), sharply suppressed the nobility and the

   Church (including the Inquisition, now a weak institution) and expelled the Jesuits. Pombal also made an effort to reduce economic dependence on England, Portugal's oldest ally. But his successes did not last much beyond his disputed time in office.

   Beginning in the late 18th century, the European-wide impact of the French Revolution and the rise of Napoleon placed Portugal in a vulnerable position. With the monarchy ineffectively led by an insane queen (Maria I) and her indecisive regent son (João VI), Portugal again became the focus of foreign ambition and aggression. With England unable to provide decisive assistance in time, France—with Spain's consent—invaded Portugal in 1807. As Napoleon's army under General Junot entered Lisbon meeting no resistance, Portugal's royal family fled on a British fleet to Brazil, where it remained in exile until 1821. In the meantime, Portugal's overseas empire was again under threat. There was a power vacuum as the monarch was absent, foreign armies were present, and new political notions of liberalism and constitutional monarchy were exciting various groups of citizens.

   Again England came to the rescue, this time in the form of the armies of the duke of Wellington. Three successive French invasions of Portugal were defeated and expelled, and Wellington succeeded in carrying the war against Napoleon across the Portuguese frontier into Spain. The presence of the English army, the new French-born liberal ideas, and the political vacuum combined to create revolutionary conditions. The French invasions and the peninsular wars, where Portuguese armed forces played a key role, marked the beginning of a new era in politics.

   Liberalism and Constitutional Monarchy, 1822-1910

   During 1807-22, foreign invasions, war, and civil strife over conflicting political ideas gravely damaged Portugal's commerce, economy, and novice industry. The next terrible blow was the loss of Brazil in 1822, the jewel in the imperial crown. Portugal's very independence seemed to be at risk. In vain, Portugal sought to resist Brazilian independence by force, but in 1825 it formally acknowledged Brazilian independence by treaty.

   Portugal's slow recovery from the destructive French invasions and the "war of independence" was complicated by civil strife over the form of constitutional monarchy that best suited Portugal. After struggles over these issues between 1820 and 1834, Portugal settled somewhat uncertainly into a moderate constitutional monarchy whose constitution (Charter of 1826) lent it strong political powers to exert a moderating influence between the executive and legislative branches of the government. It also featured a new upper middle class based on land ownership and commerce; a Catholic Church that, although still important, lived with reduced privileges and property; a largely African (third) empire to which Lisbon and Oporto devoted increasing spiritual and material resources, starting with the liberal imperial plans of 1836 and 1851, and continuing with the work of institutions like the Lisbon Society of Geography (established 1875); and a mass of rural peasants whose bonds to the land weakened after 1850 and who began to immigrate in increasing numbers to Brazil and North America.

   Chronic military intervention in national politics began in 19th-century Portugal. Such intervention, usually commencing with coups or pronunciamentos (military revolts), was a shortcut to the spoils of political office and could reflect popular discontent as well as the power of personalities. An early example of this was the 1817 golpe (coup) attempt of General Gomes Freire against British military rule in Portugal before the return of King João VI from Brazil. Except for a more stable period from 1851 to 1880, military intervention in politics, or the threat thereof, became a feature of the constitutional monarchy's political life, and it continued into the First Republic and the subsequent Estado Novo.

   Beginning with the Regeneration period (1851-80), Portugal experienced greater political stability and economic progress. Military intervention in politics virtually ceased; industrialization and construction of railroads, roads, and bridges proceeded; two political parties (Regenerators and Historicals) worked out a system of rotation in power; and leading intellectuals sparked a cultural revival in several fields. In 19th-century literature, there was a new golden age led by such figures as Alexandre Herculano (historian), Eça de Queirós (novelist), Almeida Garrett (playwright and essayist), Antero de Quental (poet), and Joaquim Oliveira Martins (historian and social scientist). In its third overseas empire, Portugal attempted to replace the slave trade and slavery with legitimate economic activities; to reform the administration; and to expand Portuguese holdings beyond coastal footholds deep into the African hinterlands in West, West Central, and East Africa. After 1841, to some extent, and especially after 1870, colonial affairs, combined with intense nationalism, pressures for economic profit in Africa, sentiment for national revival, and the drift of European affairs would make or break Lisbon governments.

   Beginning with the political crisis that arose out of the "English Ultimatum" affair of January 1890, the monarchy became discredtted and identified with the poorly functioning government, political parties splintered, and republicanism found more supporters. Portugal participated in the "Scramble for Africa," expanding its African holdings, but failed to annex territory connecting Angola and Mozambique. A growing foreign debt and state bankruptcy as of the early 1890s damaged the constitutional monarchy's reputation, despite the efforts of King Carlos in diplomacy, the renewal of the alliance in the Windsor Treaty of 1899, and the successful if bloody colonial wars in the empire (1880-97). Republicanism proclaimed that Portugal's weak economy and poor society were due to two historic institutions: the monarchy and the Catholic Church. A republic, its stalwarts claimed, would bring greater individual liberty; efficient, if more decentralized government; and a stronger colonial program while stripping the Church of its role in both society and education.

   As the monarchy lost support and republicans became more aggressive, violence increased in politics. King Carlos I and his heir Luís were murdered in Lisbon by anarchist-republicans on 1 February 1908. Following a military and civil insurrection and fighting between monarchist and republican forces, on 5 October 1910, King Manuel II fled Portugal and a republic was proclaimed.

   First Parliamentary Republic, 1910-26

   Portugal's first attempt at republican government was the most unstable, turbulent parliamentary republic in the history of 20th-century Western Europe. During a little under 16 years of the republic, there were 45 governments, a number of legislatures that did not complete normal terms, military coups, and only one president who completed his four-year term in office. Portuguese society was poorly prepared for this political experiment. Among the deadly legacies of the monarchy were a huge public debt; a largely rural, apolitical, and illiterate peasant population; conflict over the causes of the country's misfortunes; and lack of experience with a pluralist, democratic system.

   The republic had some talented leadership but lacked popular, institutional, and economic support. The 1911 republican constitution established only a limited democracy, as only a small portion of the adult male citizenry was eligible to vote. In a country where the majority was Catholic, the republic passed harshly anticlerical laws, and its institutions and supporters persecuted both the Church and its adherents. During its brief disjointed life, the First Republic drafted important reform plans in economic, social, and educational affairs; actively promoted development in the empire; and pursued a liberal, generous foreign policy. Following British requests for Portugal's assistance in World War I, Portugal entered the war on the Allied side in March 1916 and sent armies to Flanders and Portuguese Africa. Portugal's intervention in that conflict, however, was too costly in many respects, and the ultimate failure of the republic in part may be ascribed to Portugal's World War I activities.

   Unfortunately for the republic, its time coincided with new threats to Portugal's African possessions: World War I, social and political demands from various classes that could not be reconciled, excessive military intervention in politics, and, in particular, the worst economic and financial crisis Portugal had experienced since the 16th and 17th centuries. After the original Portuguese Republican Party (PRP, also known as the "Democrats") splintered into three warring groups in 1912, no true multiparty system emerged. The Democrats, except for only one or two elections, held an iron monopoly of electoral power, and political corruption became a major issue. As extreme right-wing dictatorships elsewhere in Europe began to take power in Italy (1922), neighboring Spain (1923), and Greece (1925), what scant popular support remained for the republic collapsed. Backed by a right-wing coalition of landowners from Alentejo, clergy, Coimbra University faculty and students, Catholic organizations, and big business, career military officers led by General Gomes da Costa executed a coup on 28 May 1926, turned out the last republican government, and established a military government.

   The Estado Novo (New State), 1926-74

   During the military phase (1926-32) of the Estado Novo, professional military officers, largely from the army, governed and administered Portugal and held key cabinet posts, but soon discovered that the military possessed no magic formula that could readily solve the problems inherited from the First Republic. Especially during the years 1926-31, the military dictatorship, even with its political repression of republican activities and institutions (military censorship of the press, political police action, and closure of the republic's rowdy parliament), was characterized by similar weaknesses: personalism and factionalism; military coups and political instability, including civil strife and loss of life; state debt and bankruptcy; and a weak economy. "Barracks parliamentarism" was not an acceptable alternative even to the "Nightmare Republic."

   Led by General Óscar Carmona, who had replaced and sent into exile General Gomes da Costa, the military dictatorship turned to a civilian expert in finance and economics to break the budget impasse and bring coherence to the disorganized system. Appointed minister of finance on 27 April 1928, the Coimbra University Law School professor of economics Antônio de Oliveira Salazar (1889-1970) first reformed finance, helped balance the budget, and then turned to other concerns as he garnered extraordinary governing powers. In 1930, he was appointed interim head of another key ministry (Colonies) and within a few years had become, in effect, a civilian dictator who, with the military hierarchy's support, provided the government with coherence, a program, and a set of policies.

   For nearly 40 years after he was appointed the first civilian prime minister in 1932, Salazar's personality dominated the government. Unlike extreme right-wing dictators elsewhere in Europe, Salazar was directly appointed by the army but was never endorsed by a popular political party, street militia, or voter base. The scholarly, reclusive former Coimbra University professor built up what became known after 1932 as the Estado Novo ("New State"), which at the time of its overthrow by another military coup in 1974, was the longest surviving authoritarian regime in Western Europe. The system of Salazar and the largely academic and technocratic ruling group he gathered in his cabinets was based on the central bureaucracy of the state, which was supported by the president of the republic—always a senior career military officer, General Óscar Carmona (1928-51), General Craveiro Lopes (1951-58), and Admiral Américo Tómaz (1958-74)—and the complicity of various institutions. These included a rubber-stamp legislature called the National Assembly (1935-74) and a political police known under various names: PVDE (1932-45), PIDE (1945-69),

   and DGS (1969-74). Other defenders of the Estado Novo security were paramilitary organizations such as the National Republican Guard (GNR); the Portuguese Legion (PL); and the Portuguese Youth [Movement]. In addition to censorship of the media, theater, and books, there was political repression and a deliberate policy of depoliticization. All political parties except for the approved movement of regime loyalists, the União Nacional or (National Union), were banned.

   The most vigorous and more popular period of the New State was 1932-44, when the basic structures were established. Never monolithic or entirely the work of one person (Salazar), the New State was constructed with the assistance of several dozen top associates who were mainly academics from law schools, some technocrats with specialized skills, and a handful of trusted career military officers. The 1933 Constitution declared Portugal to be a "unitary, corporative Republic," and pressures to restore the monarchy were resisted. Although some of the regime's followers were fascists and pseudofascists, many more were conservative Catholics, integralists, nationalists, and monarchists of different varieties, and even some reactionary republicans. If the New State was authoritarian, it was not totalitarian and, unlike fascism in Benito Mussolini's Italy or Adolf Hitler's Germany, it usually employed the minimum of violence necessary to defeat what remained a largely fractious, incoherent opposition.

   With the tumultuous Second Republic and the subsequent civil war in nearby Spain, the regime felt threatened and reinforced its defenses. During what Salazar rightly perceived as a time of foreign policy crisis for Portugal (1936-45), he assumed control of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. From there, he pursued four basic foreign policy objectives: supporting the Nationalist rebels of General Francisco Franco in the Spanish Civil War (1936-39) and concluding defense treaties with a triumphant Franco; ensuring that General Franco in an exhausted Spain did not enter World War II on the Axis side; maintaining Portuguese neutrality in World War II with a post-1942 tilt toward the Allies, including granting Britain and the United States use of bases in the Azores Islands; and preserving and protecting Portugal's Atlantic Islands and its extensive, if poor, overseas empire in Africa and Asia.

   During the middle years of the New State (1944-58), many key Salazar associates in government either died or resigned, and there was greater social unrest in the form of unprecedented strikes and clandestine Communist activities, intensified opposition, and new threatening international pressures on Portugal's overseas empire. During the earlier phase of the Cold War (1947-60), Portugal became a steadfast, if weak, member of the US-dominated North Atlantic Treaty Organization alliance and, in 1955, with American support, Portugal joined the United Nations (UN). Colonial affairs remained a central concern of the regime. As of 1939, Portugal was the third largest colonial power in the world and possessed territories in tropical Africa (Angola, Mozambique, Guinea-Bissau, and São Tomé and Príncipe Islands) and the remnants of its 16th-century empire in Asia (Goa, Damão, Diu, East Timor, and Macau). Beginning in the early 1950s, following the independence of India in 1947, Portugal resisted Indian pressures to decolonize Portuguese India and used police forces to discourage internal opposition in its Asian and African colonies.

   The later years of the New State (1958-68) witnessed the aging of the increasingly isolated but feared Salazar and new threats both at home and overseas. Although the regime easily overcame the brief oppositionist threat from rival presidential candidate General Humberto Delgado in the spring of 1958, new developments in the African and Asian empires imperiled the authoritarian system. In February 1961, oppositionists hijacked the Portuguese ocean liner Santa Maria and, in following weeks, African insurgents in northern Angola, although they failed to expel the Portuguese, gained worldwide media attention, discredited the New State, and began the 13-year colonial war. After thwarting a dissident military coup against his continued leadership, Salazar and his ruling group mobilized military repression in Angola and attempted to develop the African colonies at a faster pace in order to ensure Portuguese control. Meanwhile, the other European colonial powers (Britain, France, Belgium, and Spain) rapidly granted political independence to their African territories.

   At the time of Salazar's removal from power in September 1968, following a stroke, Portugal's efforts to maintain control over its colonies appeared to be successful. President Americo Tomás appointed Dr. Marcello Caetano as Salazar's successor as prime minister. While maintaining the New State's basic structures, and continuing the regime's essential colonial policy, Caetano attempted wider reforms in colonial administration and some devolution of power from Lisbon, as well as more freedom of expression in Lisbon. Still, a great deal of the budget was devoted to supporting the wars against the insurgencies in Africa. Meanwhile in Asia, Portuguese India had fallen when the Indian army invaded in December 1961. The loss of Goa was a psychological blow to the leadership of the New State, and of the Asian empire only East Timor and Macau remained.

   The Caetano years (1968-74) were but a hiatus between the waning Salazar era and a new regime. There was greater political freedom and rapid economic growth (5-6 percent annually to late 1973), but Caetano's government was unable to reform the old system thoroughly and refused to consider new methods either at home or in the empire. In the end, regime change came from junior officers of the professional military who organized the Armed Forces Movement (MFA) against the Caetano government. It was this group of several hundred officers, mainly in the army and navy, which engineered a largely bloodless coup in Lisbon on 25 April 1974. Their unexpected action brought down the 48-year-old New State and made possible the eventual establishment and consolidation of democratic governance in Portugal, as well as a reorientation of the country away from the Atlantic toward Europe.

   Revolution of Carnations, 1974-76

   Following successful military operations of the Armed Forces Movement against the Caetano government, Portugal experienced what became known as the "Revolution of Carnations." It so happened that during the rainy week of the military golpe, Lisbon flower shops were featuring carnations, and the revolutionaries and their supporters adopted the red carnation as the common symbol of the event, as well as of the new freedom from dictatorship. The MFA, whose leaders at first were mostly little-known majors and captains, proclaimed a three-fold program of change for the new Portugal: democracy; decolonization of the overseas empire, after ending the colonial wars; and developing a backward economy in the spirit of opportunity and equality. During the first 24 months after the coup, there was civil strife, some anarchy, and a power struggle. With the passing of the Estado Novo, public euphoria burst forth as the new provisional military government proclaimed the freedoms of speech, press, and assembly, and abolished censorship, the political police, the Portuguese Legion, Portuguese Youth, and other New State organizations, including the National Union. Scores of political parties were born and joined the senior political party, the Portuguese Community Party (PCP), and the Socialist Party (PS), founded shortly before the coup.

   Portugal's Revolution of Carnations went through several phases. There was an attempt to take control by radical leftists, including the PCP and its allies. This was thwarted by moderate officers in the army, as well as by the efforts of two political parties: the PS and the Social Democrats (PPD, later PSD). The first phase was from April to September 1974. Provisional president General Antonio Spínola, whose 1974 book Portugal and the Future had helped prepare public opinion for the coup, met irresistible leftist pressures. After Spinola's efforts to avoid rapid decolonization of the African empire failed, he resigned in September 1974. During the second phase, from September 1974 to March 1975, radical military officers gained control, but a coup attempt by General Spínola and his supporters in Lisbon in March 1975 failed and Spínola fled to Spain.

   In the third phase of the Revolution, March-November 1975, a strong leftist reaction followed. Farm workers occupied and "nationalized" 1.1 million hectares of farmland in the Alentejo province, and radical military officers in the provisional government ordered the nationalization of Portuguese banks (foreign banks were exempted), utilities, and major industries, or about 60 percent of the economic system. There were power struggles among various political parties — a total of 50 emerged—and in the streets there was civil strife among labor, military, and law enforcement groups. A constituent assembly, elected on 25 April 1975, in Portugal's first free elections since 1926, drafted a democratic constitution. The Council of the Revolution (CR), briefly a revolutionary military watchdog committee, was entrenched as part of the government under the constitution, until a later revision. During the chaotic year of 1975, about 30 persons were killed in political frays while unstable provisional governments came and went. On 25 November 1975, moderate military forces led by Colonel Ramalho Eanes, who later was twice elected president of the republic (1976 and 1981), defeated radical, leftist military groups' revolutionary conspiracies.

   In the meantime, Portugal's scattered overseas empire experienced a precipitous and unprepared decolonization. One by one, the former colonies were granted and accepted independence—Guinea-Bissau (September 1974), Cape Verde Islands (July 1975), and Mozambique (July 1975). Portugal offered to turn over Macau to the People's Republic of China, but the offer was refused then and later negotiations led to the establishment of a formal decolonization or hand-over date of 1999. But in two former colonies, the process of decolonization had tragic results.

   In Angola, decolonization negotiations were greatly complicated by the fact that there were three rival nationalist movements in a struggle for power. The January 1975 Alvor Agreement signed by Portugal and these three parties was not effectively implemented. A bloody civil war broke out in Angola in the spring of 1975 and, when Portuguese armed forces withdrew and declared that Angola was independent on 11 November 1975, the bloodshed only increased. Meanwhile, most of the white Portuguese settlers from Angola and Mozambique fled during the course of 1975. Together with African refugees, more than 600,000 of these retornados ("returned ones") went by ship and air to Portugal and thousands more to Namibia, South Africa, Brazil, Canada, and the United States.

   The second major decolonization disaster was in Portugal's colony of East Timor in the Indonesian archipelago. Portugal's capacity to supervise and control a peaceful transition to independence in this isolated, neglected colony was limited by the strength of giant Indonesia, distance from Lisbon, and Portugal's revolutionary disorder and inability to defend Timor. In early December 1975, before Portugal granted formal independence and as one party, FRETILIN, unilaterally declared East Timor's independence, Indonesia's armed forces invaded, conquered, and annexed East Timor. Indonesian occupation encountered East Timorese resistance, and a heavy loss of life followed. The East Timor question remained a contentious international issue in the UN, as well as in Lisbon and Jakarta, for more than 20 years following Indonesia's invasion and annexation of the former colony of Portugal. Major changes occurred, beginning in 1998, after Indonesia underwent a political revolution and allowed a referendum in East Timor to decide that territory's political future in August 1999. Most East Timorese chose independence, but Indonesian forces resisted that verdict until

   UN intervention in September 1999. Following UN rule for several years, East Timor attained full independence on 20 May 2002.

   Consolidation of Democracy, 1976-2000

   After several free elections and record voter turnouts between 25 April 1975 and June 1976, civil war was averted and Portugal's second democratic republic began to stabilize. The MFA was dissolved, the military were returned to the barracks, and increasingly elected civilians took over the government of the country. The 1976 Constitution was revised several times beginning in 1982 and 1989, in order to reempha-size the principle of free enterprise in the economy while much of the large, nationalized sector was privatized. In June 1976, General Ram-alho Eanes was elected the first constitutional president of the republic (five-year term), and he appointed socialist leader Dr. Mário Soares as prime minister of the first constitutional government.

   From 1976 to 1985, Portugal's new system featured a weak economy and finances, labor unrest, and administrative and political instability. The difficult consolidation of democratic governance was eased in part by the strong currency and gold reserves inherited from the Estado Novo, but Lisbon seemed unable to cope with high unemployment, new debt, the complex impact of the refugees from Africa, world recession, and the agitation of political parties. Four major parties emerged from the maelstrom of 1974-75, except for the Communist Party, all newly founded. They were, from left to right, the Communists (PCP); the Socialists (PS), who managed to dominate governments and the legislature but not win a majority in the Assembly of the Republic; the Social Democrats (PSD); and the Christian Democrats (CDS). During this period, the annual growth rate was low (l-2 percent), and the nationalized sector of the economy stagnated.

   Enhanced economic growth, greater political stability, and more effective central government as of 1985, and especially 1987, were due to several developments. In 1977, Portugal applied for membership in the European Economic Community (EEC), now the European Union (EU) since 1993. In January 1986, with Spain, Portugal was granted membership, and economic and financial progress in the intervening years has been significantly influenced by the comparatively large investment, loans, technology, advice, and other assistance from the EEC. Low unemployment, high annual growth rates (5 percent), and moderate inflation have also been induced by the new political and administrative stability in Lisbon. Led by Prime Minister Cavaco Silva, an economist who was trained abroad, the PSD's strong organization, management, and electoral support since 1985 have assisted in encouraging economic recovery and development. In 1985, the PSD turned the PS out of office and won the general election, although they did not have an absolute majority of assembly seats. In 1986, Mário Soares was elected president of the republic, the first civilian to hold that office since the First Republic. In the elections of 1987 and 1991, however, the PSD was returned to power with clear majorities of over 50 percent of the vote.

   Although the PSD received 50.4 percent of the vote in the 1991 parliamentary elections and held a 42-seat majority in the Assembly of the Republic, the party began to lose public support following media revelations regarding corruption and complaints about Prime Minister Cavaco Silva's perceived arrogant leadership style. President Mário Soares voiced criticism of the PSD's seemingly untouchable majority and described a "tyranny of the majority." Economic growth slowed down. In the parliamentary elections of 1995 and the presidential election of 1996, the PSD's dominance ended for the time being. Prime Minister Antônio Guterres came to office when the PS won the October 1995 elections, and in the subsequent presidential contest, in January 1996, socialist Jorge Sampaio, the former mayor of Lisbon, was elected president of the republic, thus defeating Cavaco Silva's bid. Young and popular, Guterres moved the PS toward the center of the political spectrum. Under Guterres, the PS won the October 1999 parliamentary elections. The PS defeated the PSD but did not manage to win a clear, working majority of seats, and this made the PS dependent upon alliances with smaller parties, including the PCP.

   In the local elections in December 2001, the PSD's criticism of PS's heavy public spending allowed the PSD to take control of the key cities of Lisbon, Oporto, and Coimbra. Guterres resigned, and parliamentary elections were brought forward from 2004 to March 2002. The PSD won a narrow victory with 40 percent of the votes, and Jose Durão Barroso became prime minister. Having failed to win a majority of the seats in parliament forced the PSD to govern in coalition with the right-wing Popular Party (PP) led by Paulo Portas. Durão Barroso set about reducing government spending by cutting the budgets of local authorities, freezing civil service hiring, and reviving the economy by accelerating privatization of state-owned enterprises. These measures provoked a 24-hour strike by public-sector workers. Durão Barroso reacted with vows to press ahead with budget-cutting measures and imposed a wage freeze on all employees earning more than €1,000, which affected more than one-half of Portugal's work force.

   In June 2004, Durão Barroso was invited by Romano Prodi to succeed him as president of the European Commission. Durão Barroso accepted and resigned the prime ministership in July. Pedro Santana Lopes, the leader of the PSD, became prime minister. Already unpopular at the time of Durão Barroso's resignation, the PSD-led government became increasingly unpopular under Santana Lopes. A month-long delay in the start of the school year and confusion over his plan to cut taxes and raise public-sector salaries, eroded confidence even more. By November, Santana Lopes's government was so unpopular that President Jorge Sampaio was obliged to dissolve parliament and hold new elections, two years ahead of schedule.

   Parliamentary elections were held on 20 February 2005. The PS, which had promised the electorate disciplined and transparent governance, educational reform, the alleviation of poverty, and a boost in employment, won 45 percent of the vote and the majority of the seats in parliament. The leader of the PS, José Sôcrates became prime minister on 12 March 2005. In the regularly scheduled presidential elections held on 6 January 2006, the former leader of the PSD and prime minister, Aníbal Cavaco Silva, won a narrow victory and became president on 9 March 2006. With a mass protest, public teachers' strike, and street demonstrations in March 2008, Portugal's media, educational, and social systems experienced more severe pressures. With the spreading global recession beginning in September 2008, Portugal's economic and financial systems became more troubled.

    Contemporary Portugal

   Owing to its geographic location on the southwestern most edge of continental Europe, Portugal has been historically in but not of Europe. Almost from the beginning of its existence in the 12th century as an independent monarchy, Portugal turned its back on Europe and oriented itself toward the Atlantic Ocean. After carving out a Christian kingdom on the western portion of the Iberian peninsula, Portuguese kings gradually built and maintained a vast seaborne global empire that became central to the way Portugal understood its individuality as a nation-state. While the creation of this empire allows Portugal to claim an unusual number of "firsts" or distinctions in world and Western history, it also retarded Portugal's economic, social, and political development. It can be reasonably argued that the Revolution of 25 April 1974 was the most decisive event in Portugal's long history because it finally ended Portugal's oceanic mission and view of itself as an imperial power. After the 1974 Revolution, Portugal turned away from its global mission and vigorously reoriented itself toward Europe. Contemporary Portugal is now both in and of Europe.

   The turn toward Europe began immediately after 25 April 1974. Portugal granted independence to its African colonies in 1975. It was admitted to the European Council and took the first steps toward accession to the European Economic Community (EEC) in 1976. On 28 March 1977, the Portuguese government officially applied for EEC membership. Because of Portugal's economic and social backwardness, which would require vast sums of EEC money to overcome, negotiations for membership were long and difficult. Finally, a treaty of accession was signed on 12 June 1985. Portugal officially joined the EEC (the European Union [EU] since 1993) on 1 January 1986. Since becoming a full-fledged member of the EU, Portugal has been steadily overcoming the economic and social underdevelopment caused by its imperial past and is becoming more like the rest of Europe.

   Membership in the EU has speeded up the structural transformation of Portugal's economy, which actually began during the Estado Novo. Investments made by the Estado Novo in Portugal's economy began to shift employment out of the agricultural sector, which, in 1950, accounted for 50 percent of Portugal's economically active population. Today, only 10 percent of the economically active population is employed in the agricultural sector (the highest among EU member states); 30 percent in the industrial sector (also the highest among EU member states); and 60 percent in the service sector (the lowest among EU member states). The economically active population numbers about 5,000,000 employed, 56 percent of whom are women. Women workers are the majority of the workforce in the agricultural and service sectors (the highest among the EU member states). The expansion of the service sector has been primarily in health care and education. Portugal has had the lowest unemployment rates among EU member states, with the overall rate never being more than 10 percent of the active population. Since joining the EU, the number of employers increased from 2.6 percent to 5.8 percent of the active population; self-employed from 16 to 19 percent; and employees from 65 to 70 percent. Twenty-six percent of the employers are women. Unemployment tends to hit younger workers in industry and transportation, women employed in domestic service, workers on short-term contracts, and poorly educated workers. Salaried workers earn only 63 percent of the EU average, and hourly workers only one-third to one-half of that earned by their EU counterparts. Despite having had the second highest growth of gross national product (GNP) per inhabitant (after Ireland) among EU member states, the above data suggest that while much has been accomplished in terms of modernizing the Portuguese economy, much remains to be done to bring Portugal's economy up to the level of the "average" EU member state.

   Membership in the EU has also speeded up changes in Portuguese society. Over the last 30 years, coastalization and urbanization have intensified. Fully 50 percent of Portuguese live in the coastal urban conurbations of Lisbon, Oporto, Braga, Aveiro, Coimbra, Viseu, Évora, and Faro. The Portuguese population is one of the oldest among EU member states (17.3 percent are 65 years of age or older) thanks to a considerable increase in life expectancy at birth (77.87 years for the total population, 74.6 years for men, 81.36 years for women) and one of the lowest birthrates (10.59 births/1,000) in Europe. Family size averages 2.8 persons per household, with the strict nuclear family (one or two generations) in which both parents work being typical. Common law marriages, cohabitating couples, and single-parent households are more and more common. The divorce rate has also increased. "Youth Culture" has developed. The young have their own meeting places, leisure-time activities, and nightlife (bars, clubs, and discos).

   All Portuguese citizens, whether they have contributed or not, have a right to an old-age pension, invalidity benefits, widowed persons' pension, as well as payments for disabilities, children, unemployment, and large families. There is a national minimum wage (€385 per month), which is low by EU standards. The rapid aging of Portugal's population has changed the ratio of contributors to pensioners to 1.7, the lowest in the EU. This has created deficits in Portugal's social security fund.

   The adult literacy rate is about 92 percent. Illiteracy is still found among the elderly. Although universal compulsory education up to grade 9 was achieved in 1980, only 21.2 percent of the population aged 25-64 had undergone secondary education, compared to an EU average of 65.7 percent. Portugal's higher education system currently consists of 14 state universities and 14 private universities, 15 state polytechnic institutions, one Catholic university, and one military academy. All in all, Portugal spends a greater percentage of its state budget on education than most EU member states. Despite this high level of expenditure, the troubled Portuguese education system does not perform well. Early leaving and repetition rates are among the highest among EU member states.

   After the Revolution of 25 April 1974, Portugal created a National Health Service, which today consists of 221 hospitals and 512 medical centers employing 33,751 doctors and 41,799 nurses. Like its education system, Portugal's medical system is inefficient. There are long waiting lists for appointments with specialists and for surgical procedures.

   Structural changes in Portugal's economy and society mean that social life in Portugal is not too different from that in other EU member states. A mass consumption society has been created. Televisions, telephones, refrigerators, cars, music equipment, mobile phones, and personal computers are commonplace. Sixty percent of Portuguese households possess at least one automobile, and 65 percent of Portuguese own their own home. Portuguese citizens are more aware of their legal rights than ever before. This has resulted in a trebling of the number of legal proceeding since 1960 and an eight-fold increase in the number of lawyers. In general, Portuguese society has become more permissive and secular; the Catholic Church and the armed forces are much less influential than in the past. Portugal's population is also much more culturally, religiously, and ethnically diverse, a consequence of the coming to Portugal of hundreds of thousands of immigrants, mainly from former African colonies.

   Portuguese are becoming more cosmopolitan and sophisticated through the impact of world media, the Internet, and the World Wide Web. A prime case in point came in the summer and early fall of 1999, with the extraordinary events in East Timor and the massive Portuguese popular responses. An internationally monitored referendum in East Timor, Portugal's former colony in the Indonesian archipelago and under Indonesian occupation from late 1975 to summer 1999, resulted in a vote of 78.5 percent for rejecting integration with Indonesia and for independence. When Indonesian prointegration gangs, aided by the Indonesian military, responded to the referendum with widespread brutality and threatened to reverse the verdict of the referendum, there was a spontaneous popular outpouring of protest in the cities and towns of Portugal. An avalanche of Portuguese e-mail fell on leaders and groups in the UN and in certain countries around the world as Portugal's diplomats, perhaps to compensate for the weak initial response to Indonesian armed aggression in 1975, called for the protection of East Timor as an independent state and for UN intervention to thwart Indonesian action. Using global communications networks, the Portuguese were able to mobilize UN and world public opinion against Indonesian actions and aided the eventual independence of East Timor on 20 May 2002.

   From the Revolution of 25 April 1974 until the 1990s, Portugal had a large number of political parties, one of the largest Communist parties in western Europe, frequent elections, and endemic cabinet instability. Since the 1990s, the number of political parties has been dramatically reduced and cabinet stability increased. Gradually, the Portuguese electorate has concentrated around two larger parties, the right-of-center Social Democrats (PSD) and the left-of-center Socialist (PS). In the 1980s, these two parties together garnered 65 percent of the vote and 70 percent of the seats in parliament. In 2005, these percentages had risen to 74 percent and 85 percent, respectively. In effect, Portugal is currently a two-party dominant system in which the two largest parties — PS and PSD—alternate in and out of power, not unlike the rotation of the two main political parties (the Regenerators and the Historicals) during the last decades (1850s to 1880s) of the liberal constitutional monarchy. As Portugal's democracy has consolidated, turnout rates for the eligible electorate have declined. In the 1970s, turnout was 85 percent. In Portugal's most recent parliamentary election (2005), turnout had fallen to 65 percent of the eligible electorate.

   Portugal has benefited greatly from membership in the EU, and whatever doubts remain about the price paid for membership, no Portuguese government in the near future can afford to sever this connection. The vast majority of Portuguese citizens see membership in the EU as a "good thing" and strongly believe that Portugal has benefited from membership. Only the Communist Party opposed membership because it reduces national sovereignty, serves the interests of capitalists not workers, and suffers from a democratic deficit. Despite the high level of support for the EU, Portuguese voters are increasingly not voting in elections for the European Parliament, however. Turnout for European Parliament elections fell from 40 percent of the eligible electorate in the 1999 elections to 38 percent in the 2004 elections.

   In sum, Portugal's turn toward Europe has done much to overcome its backwardness. However, despite the economic, social, and political progress made since 1986, Portugal has a long way to go before it can claim to be on a par with the level found even in Spain, much less the rest of western Europe. As Portugal struggles to move from underde-velopment, especially in the rural areas away from the coast, it must keep in mind the perils of too rapid modern development, which could damage two of its most precious assets: its scenery and environment. The growth and future prosperity of the economy will depend on the degree to which the government and the private sector will remain stewards of clean air, soil, water, and other finite resources on which the tourism industry depends and on which Portugal's world image as a unique place to visit rests. Currently, Portugal is investing heavily in renewable energy from solar, wind, and wave power in order to account for about 50 percent of its electricity needs by 2010. Portugal opened the world's largest solar power plant and the world's first commercial wave power farm in 2006.

   An American documentary film on Portugal produced in the 1970s described this little country as having "a Past in Search of a Future." In the years after the Revolution of 25 April 1974, it could be said that Portugal is now living in "a Present in Search of a Future." Increasingly, that future lies in Europe as an active and productive member of the EU.

Historical dictionary of Portugal > Historical Portugal

15 um

I Präp. (+ Akk)

1. räumlich: round, Am. around

2. zeitlich, ungefähr: about, around; genau: at; so um halb fünf umg. at around ( oder about) half past four

3. Maß: um... steigen, kürzen etc.: by; um die Häfte größer etc.: by half

4. (für) for; Schritt um Schritt step by step

5. (in bezug auf) about

6. um einer Sache oder jemandes willen for the sake of; drehen III, handeln1 I 4; ums etc.

II Konj.: um zu (+ Inf.) (in order) to (+ Inf.) um ehrlich zu sein to be honest; zu krank, um zu arbeiten too ill to work

III Adv.

1. (etwa) about, around

2. um (vorüber) sein be over; die Zeit ist um bei Prüfung, Quiz etc.: time’s up

3. um und um (ganz und gar) completely

* * *

in order to (Konj.); to (Konj.);

(räumlich) around (Präp.); round (Präp.);

(ungefähr) about (Präp.); around (Präp.);

(zeitlich genau) at (Präp.)

* * *
ụm [ʊm]
1. prep +acc

1)

um... (herum) — round (Brit), around; (unbestimmter

er hat gern Freunde um sich — he likes to have friends around him

2)

(= nach allen Seiten) um sich schauen — to look around (one) or about one

um sich schlagen —

etw um sich werfen — to throw sth around or about

3)

(zur ungefähren Zeitangabe) um... (herum) — around about; (bei Uhrzeiten auch) at about

die Tage um die Sommersonnenwende (herum) — the days either side of the summer solstice

um Weihnachten/Ostern etc — around Christmas/Easter etc

4) (zur genauen Angabe der Uhrzeit) at

bitte kommen Sie (genau) um acht — please come at eight (sharp)

5) (= betreffend, über) about

es geht um das Prinzip — it's a question of principles, it's the principle of the thing

es geht um alles — it's all or nothing

es steht schlecht um seine Gesundheit — his health isn't very good

6) (=für Ergebnis, Ziel bezeichnend) for

der Kampf um die Stadt/den Titel — the battle for the town/the title

um Geld spielen — to play for money

um etw rufen/bitten etc — to cry/ask etc for sth

7)

(= wegen) die Sorge um die Zukunft — concern for or about the future

(es ist) schade um das schöne Buch — (it's a) pity or shame about that nice book

sich um etw sorgen — to worry about sth

es tut mir leid um ihn — I'm sorry for him

8) (bei Differenzangaben) by

um 10% teurer — 10% more expensive

er ist um zwei Jahre jünger als sie — he is two years younger than she is, he is younger than her by two years

um vieles besser — far better, better by far

um einiges besser — quite a bit better

um nichts besser/teurer etc — no better/dearer etc → umso

etw um 4 cm verkürzen — to shorten sth by 4 cm

9)

(bei Verlust) jdn um etw bringen — to deprive sb of sth

um etw kommen — to be deprived of sth, to miss out on sth

10) (= nach) after, upon

Stunde um Stunde — hour after or upon hour

einer um den anderen, eine um die andere — one after the other

einen Tag um den anderen — day after day

2. prep +gen

um... willen — for the sake of

um Gottes willen! — for goodness' or (stärker) God's sake!

3. conj

um... zu (final) — (in order) to

er spart jeden Cent, um sich später ein Haus kaufen zu können — he is saving every cent in order to be able to buy a house later

intelligent genug/zu intelligent, um... zu — intelligent enough/too intelligent to...

der Fluss schlängelt sich durch das enge Tal, um dann in der Ebene zu einem breiten Strom anzuwachsen — the stream winds through the narrow valley and then broadens out into a wide river in the plain

er studierte jahrelang Jura, um dann Taxifahrer zu werden — he studied law for several years only to become a taxi driver

4. adv

1)

(= ungefähr) um (die) 30 Schüler etc — about or (a)round about 30 pupils etc, 30 pupils etc or so

2) (rare)

um und um — all around

* * *

1) (around or surrounding: She wore a coat about her shoulders; He lay with his clothes scattered about.) about

2) (time: He arrived at ten o'clock; The children came at the sound of the bell.) at

3) ((of time) not later than: by 6 o'clock.) by

4) (to the extent of: taller by ten centimetres.) by

* * *

um

[ʊm]

I. präp + akk

1. (kreisend)

▪ \um jdn/etw [herum] around [or BRIT ALSO OR, USU AM fam round] sb/sth

sie wohnt gleich \um die Ecke she lives just around [or BRIT ALSO OR, USU AM fam round] the corner

bei ihm dreht sich alles \um Geld (fig) money is everything to him

sich akk \um seine Achse drehen Rad to turn on its axle; MATH to rotate on its axis

ganz \um etw [herum] all around [or BRIT ALSO OR, USU AM fam round] sth

\um etw [herum]gehen/[herum]laufen to go/run around [or BRIT ALSO OR, USU AM fam round] sth

2. (umschließend)

▪ \um jdn/etw around [or BRIT ALSO OR, USU AM fam round] sb/sth

etw \um den Hals tragen to wear sth around [or BRIT ALSO OR, USU AM fam round] one's neck

schwarze Ringe \um die Augen [dark] rings under one's eyes

\um etw [herum]stehen:

\um die Wiese [herum] stehen Bäume the meadow is bordered by trees

das Team \um jdn (fig) the team headed by sb

3. siehe auch Verb (nach allen Seiten)

\um sich greifen to spread

\um sich schlagen to lash out, to hit out in all directions

\um sich treten akk to kick out in all directions

mit etw dat \um sich werfen to throw sth about [or around

4. siehe auch n (wechselnd)

einen Tag \um den anderen every second day

Tag \um Tag day after day

Schlag \um Schlag blow by blow

Schritt \um Schritt step by step

Woche \um Woche week after week

5. siehe auch Verb (vergleichend)

\um einiges [o manches] besser quite a bit better

\um nichts enger/breiter no narrower/wider

den Preis \um die Hälfte/ \um 10 Euro [auf 30 Euro] reduzieren to halve the price/to reduce the price by €10 [to €30]

\um einen Kopf größer/kleiner a head taller/shorter by a head

\um 10 cm länger/kürzer 10 cm longer/shorter

6. DIAL (für)

\um 10 Euro kann man es kaufen you can buy it for €10

7. siehe auch adj, n, Verb (bezüglich)

\um was geht es denn? (fam) what's it about?

\um etw bitten/kämpfen to ask/fight for sth

ein Film \um etw a film about sth

froh \um etw happy about sth

\um etw laufen DIAL to go and fetch sth

ein Skandal \um etw a scandal centred BRIT [or AM -ered] on sth

\um etw streiten to argue about sth

das Wissen \um etw knowledge of sth

8. (wegen)

\um meinetwillen for my sake

▪ \um jdn/etw for sb/sth

▪ \um jds/einer S. gen willen for the sake of sb [or for sb's sake]/for the sake of sth

II. adv

1. (genau)

\um fünf [Uhr] at five o'clock

2. (ungefähr)

\um [die] eine Million Euro [herum] about [or around] a million euros, a million euros or thereabout[s]

es wurde \um 1740 geschrieben it was written around 1740 [or in 1740 or thereabout[s]]

\um Ostern/den 15./die Mitte des Monats [herum] around Easter/the 15th/the middle of the month

\um fünf Uhr herum at about five o'clock

3. (vorüber)

▪ \um sein to be over; Frist to have expired

die Zeit ist \um time's up

4.

▶ \um und \um DIAL completely

III. konj

1. (zwecks)

▪ jd/etw tut etw, \um etw zu tun sb/sth does sth [in order] to do sth

▪ jd/etw tut etw, \um etw nicht zu tun sb/sth does sth so as not to do sth

2. (eignend)

ein Rechner, \um Texte zu bearbeiten a computer for editing texts

3. (fam: ohne Bezug auf Subjekt)

\um die Verkaufszahlen zu erhöhen, muss das Verkaufsgebiet aufgeteilt werden if the sales figures are to improve, the sales area must be divided up

sie erhält Geld, \um sie zum Schweigen zu bringen she receives money to keep quiet

4. (konsekutiv)

die Zeit reicht [nicht] aus, \um es zu Ende zu bringen there's [not] enough time to finish it

etw brauchen, \um etw zu tun to need sth to do sth [or before one can do sth]

glücklich/verzweifelt sein, \um etw zu tun to be so happy/desperate that one could do sth

naiv/reich/schnell genug sein, \um etw zu tun to be naive/rich/fast enough to do sth

nicht die/nicht genug Zeit haben, \um etw zu tun to not have the/enough time to do sth

zu arm/klein/krank sein, \um etw zu tun to be too poor/small/ill to do sth

▪ es ist, \um etw zu tun:

es ist, \um sich die Haare zu raufen! it makes you want to tear your hair!

5. (weiterführend)

er kam herein, \um gleich wieder hinauszugehen he came in only to go out again soon after

* * *
1.
Präposition mit Akk

1) (räumlich) [a]round

um etwas herum — [a]round something

das Rad dreht sich um seine Achse — the wheel turns on its axle

um die Ecke — round the corner

um sich schlagen — lash or hit out

2) (zeitlich) (genau) at; (etwa) around [about]

um acht [Uhr] — at eight [o'clock]

um den 20. August [herum] — around [about] 20 August

3)

Tag um Tag/Stunde um Stunde — day after day/hour after hour

Meter um Meter/Schritt um Schritt — metre by metre/step by step

4) (bei Maß- u. Mengenangaben) by

die Temperatur stieg um 5 Grad — the temperature rose [by] five degrees

um nichts/einiges/vieles besser sein — be no/somewhat/a lot better
2.
Adverb around; about

um [die] 50 Personen [herum] — around or about or round about 50 people
3.
Konjunktion

1) (final)

um... zu — [in order] to

2) (konsekutiv)

er ist groß genug, um... zu... — he is big enough to...

* * *

um

A. präp (+akk)

1. räumlich: round, US around

2. zeitlich, ungefähr: about, around; genau: at;

so um halb fünf umg at around ( oder about) half past four

3. Maß:

um … steigen, kürzen etc: by;

um die Häfte größer etc: by half

4. (für) for;

Schritt um Schritt step by step

5. (in bezug auf) about

6.

um einer Sache oder jemandes

willen for the sake of; → drehen C, handeln¹ A 4; ums etc

B. konj:

um zu (+inf) (in order) to (+inf)

um ehrlich zu sein to be honest;

zu krank, um zu arbeiten too ill to work

C. adv

1. (etwa) about, around

2.

um (vorüber)

sein be over;

die Zeit ist um bei Prüfung, Quiz etc: time’s up

3.

um und um (ganz und gar) completely

* * *
1.
Präposition mit Akk

1) (räumlich) [a]round

um etwas herum — [a]round something

das Rad dreht sich um seine Achse — the wheel turns on its axle

um die Ecke — round the corner

um sich schlagen — lash or hit out

2) (zeitlich) (genau) at; (etwa) around [about]

um acht [Uhr] — at eight [o'clock]

um den 20. August [herum] — around [about] 20 August

3)

Tag um Tag/Stunde um Stunde — day after day/hour after hour

Meter um Meter/Schritt um Schritt — metre by metre/step by step

4) (bei Maß- u. Mengenangaben) by

die Temperatur stieg um 5 Grad — the temperature rose [by] five degrees

um nichts/einiges/vieles besser sein — be no/somewhat/a lot better
2.
Adverb around; about

um [die] 50 Personen [herum] — around or about or round about 50 people
3.
Konjunktion

1) (final)

um... zu — [in order] to

2) (konsekutiv)

er ist groß genug, um... zu... — he is big enough to...

* * *

präp.

at prep.

Deutsch-Englisch Wörterbuch > um

16 confuso

adj.

1 confused, addled, bewildered, muddle-headed.

2 confusing, perplexing, tangled, confusional.

3 confused, blurry, blurred, obscure.

4 confused, cluttered, disordered, mixed-up.

* * *

confuso

► adjetivo

1 (ideas) confused

2 (estilo etc) obscure, confused

3 (recuerdos, formas) vague, blurred

4 (mezclado) mixed up

5 figurado (turbado) confused, embarrassed

* * *

(f. - confusa)

adj.

confused

* * *

ADJ

1) (=poco claro) [ideas, noticias] confused; [recuerdo] hazy; [ruido] indistinct; [imagen] blurred

tiene las ideas muy confusas — he has very confused ideas, his ideas are very mixed up

llegaban noticias confusas — confused reports were coming in

una situación muy confusa — a very confused situation

2) (=desconcertado) confused

nunca lo había visto tan confuso — I had never seen him so confused

no sé qué decir, estoy confuso — I don't know what to say, I'm overwhelmed

* * *

- sa adjetivo

a) <idea/texto/explicación> confused; < recuerdo> confused, hazy; < imagen> blurred, hazy; < información> confused

b) ( turbado) embarrassed, confused

* * *

= confusing, dim [dimmer -comp., dimmest -sup.], distraught, in confusion of purpose, indistinct, muddled, entangled, topsy-turvy, puzzled, messy [messier -comp., messiest -sup.], puzzling, mixed up, confused, in a state of turmoil, clouded, in a spin, dishevelled [disheveled, -USA], in disarray, foggy [foggier -comp., foggiest -sup.], blurry [blurrier -comp., blurriest -sup.], confounding, garbled, indistinctive, nonplussed [nonplused], addled, in a fog, chaotic, disorderly, shambolic, bleary [blearier -comp., bleariest -sup.], in a twirl, at sea, all over the place.

Ex. The nature of the compilation of the code led to rather little consensus, and many alternative rules, which together made the code rather confusing.

Ex. The genesis of this brave new world of solid state logic, in which bibliographic data are reduced to phantasmagoria on the faces of cathode-ray tubes (CRT), extends at most only three-quarters of a decade into the dim past.

Ex. Before she could respond and follow up with a question about her distraught state, Feng escaped to the women's room.

Ex. Without the ability to select when faced with these choices we would be like demented dogs chasing every attractive smell that reaches our noses in complete confusion of purpose.

Ex. The typescript will be fuzzy and indistinct without the smooth, firm surface which the backing sheet offers.

Ex. This paper analyses and proposes practical solutions to key problems in on-line IR, particulary in relation to ill-defined and muddled information requirements, concept representation in searching and text representation in indexing.

Ex. The rapid spreading of electronic mail, bulletin boards, and newsletters give rise to an entangled pattern of standards.

Ex. At a later stage he may make up topsy-turvy stories with reversals of the pattern; finally he will improvise and impose hiw own.

Ex. While scanning the area under supervision, the librarian may detect persons who appear restless or puzzled.

Ex. The author discusses current attempts to organize electronic information objects in a world that is messy, volatile and uncontrolled.

Ex. The argument for expressiveness is that it helps users to find their way through the systematic arrangement, which is sometimes puzzling to them.

Ex. They are mixed up as the talk meanders about, apparently without conscious pattern.

Ex. She sat a long time on the couch, confused, questioning, pushing her thoughts into new latitudes.

Ex. Before long the teachers were in a state of turmoil over the issue.

Ex. The article 'The clouded crystal ball and the library profession' explains how the concepts of knowledge utilisation and information brokering are beginning to have an impact on the definition of the librarian's role.

Ex. The article is entitled 'Digital revolution leaves pharmacists in a spin'.

Ex. Ironically, there are very few who have realized the capitalist dream of easy profits and the concept of a new knowledged-based economy now looks somewhat disheveled.

Ex. Sometimes cataloguers access other libraries' OPACs in order to resolve difficult problems when important parts of the item being catalogued are missing or are in disarray.

Ex. What they will not do is clear up the foggy area in most cataloguers' minds, the area that leads to an inconsistent application of half-understood principles'.

Ex. On the other hand, a distinction that was thought to be quite clear turns out to be rather blurry.

Ex. The need to control for the effect of confounding variables is central to empirical research in many disciplines.

Ex. The client phoned in the afternoon to tell me that there was garbled data again in the large text field they use for notes.

Ex. This research suggests that people are threatened by categorizations that portray them as too distinctive or too indistinctive.

Ex. He was nonplussed when the crowd he expected protesting his policy of arresting illegal immigrants turned out to be seven.

Ex. They were too addled to come to any definite conclusion.

Ex. After practice, however, the usually affable Jackson looked to be in a fog as he prepared to walk to his locker.

Ex. Otherwise the situation would become chaotic.

Ex. Empirical studies of decision making have found that the process is more disorderly than described in rational models.

Ex. Hundreds of usually loyal fans booed and jeered as the tortured singer delivered a shambolic and apparently drunken performance.

Ex. Her eyes were dry and her head bleary from spending all week totally consumed with work.

Ex. I had never been to a professional golf tournament, and the excitement and action had my head in a twirl.

Ex. This site seems to be giving tons of options and am completely at sea as to how to go about choosing the best one.

Ex. Mr Hammond said the Liberal Democrats are ' all over the place' on the economy.

----

* de manera confusa = hazily.

* estar confuso = be at sixes and sevens with, be at a nonplus, be all at sea.

* masa confusa = mush.

* resultar confuso = prove + confusing.

* sentirse confuso = feel at + sea, be all at sea.

* ser confuso = be deceiving.

* surgir de un modo confuso = grow + like Topsy.

* todo confuso = in a state of disarray.

* * *

- sa adjetivo

a) <idea/texto/explicación> confused; < recuerdo> confused, hazy; < imagen> blurred, hazy; < información> confused

b) ( turbado) embarrassed, confused

* * *

= confusing, dim [dimmer -comp., dimmest -sup.], distraught, in confusion of purpose, indistinct, muddled, entangled, topsy-turvy, puzzled, messy [messier -comp., messiest -sup.], puzzling, mixed up, confused, in a state of turmoil, clouded, in a spin, dishevelled [disheveled, -USA], in disarray, foggy [foggier -comp., foggiest -sup.], blurry [blurrier -comp., blurriest -sup.], confounding, garbled, indistinctive, nonplussed [nonplused], addled, in a fog, chaotic, disorderly, shambolic, bleary [blearier -comp., bleariest -sup.], in a twirl, at sea, all over the place.

Ex: The nature of the compilation of the code led to rather little consensus, and many alternative rules, which together made the code rather confusing.

Ex: The genesis of this brave new world of solid state logic, in which bibliographic data are reduced to phantasmagoria on the faces of cathode-ray tubes (CRT), extends at most only three-quarters of a decade into the dim past.

Ex: Before she could respond and follow up with a question about her distraught state, Feng escaped to the women's room.

Ex: Without the ability to select when faced with these choices we would be like demented dogs chasing every attractive smell that reaches our noses in complete confusion of purpose.

Ex: The typescript will be fuzzy and indistinct without the smooth, firm surface which the backing sheet offers.

Ex: This paper analyses and proposes practical solutions to key problems in on-line IR, particulary in relation to ill-defined and muddled information requirements, concept representation in searching and text representation in indexing.

Ex: The rapid spreading of electronic mail, bulletin boards, and newsletters give rise to an entangled pattern of standards.

Ex: At a later stage he may make up topsy-turvy stories with reversals of the pattern; finally he will improvise and impose hiw own.

Ex: While scanning the area under supervision, the librarian may detect persons who appear restless or puzzled.

Ex: The author discusses current attempts to organize electronic information objects in a world that is messy, volatile and uncontrolled.

Ex: The argument for expressiveness is that it helps users to find their way through the systematic arrangement, which is sometimes puzzling to them.

Ex: They are mixed up as the talk meanders about, apparently without conscious pattern.

Ex: She sat a long time on the couch, confused, questioning, pushing her thoughts into new latitudes.

Ex: Before long the teachers were in a state of turmoil over the issue.

Ex: The article 'The clouded crystal ball and the library profession' explains how the concepts of knowledge utilisation and information brokering are beginning to have an impact on the definition of the librarian's role.

Ex: The article is entitled 'Digital revolution leaves pharmacists in a spin'.

Ex: Ironically, there are very few who have realized the capitalist dream of easy profits and the concept of a new knowledged-based economy now looks somewhat disheveled.

Ex: Sometimes cataloguers access other libraries' OPACs in order to resolve difficult problems when important parts of the item being catalogued are missing or are in disarray.

Ex: What they will not do is clear up the foggy area in most cataloguers' minds, the area that leads to an inconsistent application of half-understood principles'.

Ex: On the other hand, a distinction that was thought to be quite clear turns out to be rather blurry.

Ex: The need to control for the effect of confounding variables is central to empirical research in many disciplines.

Ex: The client phoned in the afternoon to tell me that there was garbled data again in the large text field they use for notes.

Ex: This research suggests that people are threatened by categorizations that portray them as too distinctive or too indistinctive.

Ex: He was nonplussed when the crowd he expected protesting his policy of arresting illegal immigrants turned out to be seven.

Ex: They were too addled to come to any definite conclusion.

Ex: After practice, however, the usually affable Jackson looked to be in a fog as he prepared to walk to his locker.

Ex: Otherwise the situation would become chaotic.

Ex: Empirical studies of decision making have found that the process is more disorderly than described in rational models.

Ex: Hundreds of usually loyal fans booed and jeered as the tortured singer delivered a shambolic and apparently drunken performance.

Ex: Her eyes were dry and her head bleary from spending all week totally consumed with work.

Ex: I had never been to a professional golf tournament, and the excitement and action had my head in a twirl.

Ex: This site seems to be giving tons of options and am completely at sea as to how to go about choosing the best one.

Ex: Mr Hammond said the Liberal Democrats are ' all over the place' on the economy.

* de manera confusa = hazily.

* estar confuso = be at sixes and sevens with, be at a nonplus, be all at sea.

* masa confusa = mush.

* resultar confuso = prove + confusing.

* sentirse confuso = feel at + sea, be all at sea.

* ser confuso = be deceiving.

* surgir de un modo confuso = grow + like Topsy.

* todo confuso = in a state of disarray.

* * *

confuso -sa

adjective

1 ‹idea/texto› confused; ‹recuerdo› confused, hazy; ‹imagen› blurred, hazy

dio una explicación muy confusa he gave a very confused explanation

las noticias son confusas reports are confused

2 (turbado) embarrassed, confused

* * *

confuso
◊ -sa adjetivo

a) ‹idea/texto/explicación› confused;

‹ recuerdo› confused, hazy;
‹ imagen› blurred, hazy;
‹ información› confused
b) ( turbado) embarrassed, confused

confuso,-a adjetivo
1 (idea, argumento, etc) confused, unclear
2 (desconcertado) confused, perplexed
' confuso' also found in these entries:
Spanish:
confusa
- apabullar
- despistado
- enmarañado
English:
confused
- confusing
- flounder
- fuzzy
- garbled
- indistinct
- mixed-up
- muddy
- spin
- unclear
- foggy
- hazy
- muddled

* * *

confuso, -a adj

1. [poco claro] [clamor, griterío] confused;
[contorno, forma, imagen] blurred; [explicación] confused
2. [turbado] confused, bewildered;

estar confuso to be confused o bewildered

* * *

confuso

adj confused

* * *

confuso, -sa adj

1) : confused, mixed-up

2) : obscure, indistinct

* * *

confuso adj

1. (persona) confused

estoy confuso I'm confused

2. (instrucciones, explicación, etc) confused / confusing

una situación muy confusa a very confusing situation

Spanish-English dictionary > confuso

17 emergente

adj.

emerging.

m.

emergent.

* * *

emergente

► adjetivo

1 emerging, emergent

2 figurado resulting, consequent

* * *

ADJ

1) [nación, ideología, mercado] emerging, emergent

2) (=resultante) resultant, consequent

3) (Inform) pop-up antes de s

* * *

adjetivo <clase/nación> emergent, emerging (before n); < daño> consequent, resulting (before n)

* * *

= burgeoning, evolving, nascent, emergent, growing.

Ex. It was apparent that the responders to the investigation were somewhat unsure of their future situation relative to the burgeoning information education market = Era claro que los entrevistados en la investigacion no se sentían muy seguros sobre su situación futura en relación con el incipiente mercado de las enseñanzas de documentación.

Ex. One of the objectives is to produce a statement of the role of the Library in the evolving national information program over the next five to seven years.

Ex. Later this strip is retyped into ordinary language, for in its nascent form it is intelligible only to the initiated.

Ex. Books for emergent readers should facilitate the acquisition of these concepts.

Ex. Yet another variable factor is the growing presence of full text data bases.

----

* menú emergente = pop-up menu.

* ventana emergente = pop up window.

* * *

adjetivo <clase/nación> emergent, emerging (before n); < daño> consequent, resulting (before n)

* * *

= burgeoning, evolving, nascent, emergent, growing.

Ex: It was apparent that the responders to the investigation were somewhat unsure of their future situation relative to the burgeoning information education market = Era claro que los entrevistados en la investigacion no se sentían muy seguros sobre su situación futura en relación con el incipiente mercado de las enseñanzas de documentación.

Ex: One of the objectives is to produce a statement of the role of the Library in the evolving national information program over the next five to seven years.

Ex: Later this strip is retyped into ordinary language, for in its nascent form it is intelligible only to the initiated.

Ex: Books for emergent readers should facilitate the acquisition of these concepts.

Ex: Yet another variable factor is the growing presence of full text data bases.

* menú emergente = pop-up menu.

* ventana emergente = pop up window.

* * *

emergente

adjective

1 ‹clase/nación› emergent, emerging ( before n)

2 ‹daño› consequential, resulting ( before n)

* * *

emergente adj

emerging

* * *

emergente

adj emergent, emerging;

país emergente emergent nation

* * *

emergente adj

1) : emergent

2) : consequent, resultant

Spanish-English dictionary > emergente

18 extraño

adj.

strange, far-out, queer, odd.

f. & m.

stranger, foreigner, outsider.

pres.indicat.

1^st person singular (yo) present indicative of spanish verb: extrañar.

* * *

extraño

► adjetivo

1 (no conocido) alien, foreign

■ cuerpo extraño foreign body

2 (particular) strange, peculiar, odd, funny

■ vimos una cosa extraña anoche we saw something strange last night

► nombre masculino,nombre femenino

1 stranger

■ es un extraño en su familia he's a stranger to his family

\

FRASEOLOGÍA

no es extraño que... it is not surprising that...

ser extraño,-a a algo to have nothing to do with something

* * *
1. (f. - extraña)
noun

stranger
2. (f. - extraña)
adj.

1) strange, odd

2) alien, foreign

* * *
extraño, -a
1. ADJ

1) (=raro) strange

es muy extraño — it's very odd o strange

¡qué extraño! — how odd o strange!

parece extraño que... — it seems odd o strange that...

2) (=ajeno)

un cuerpo extraño — a foreign body

murió en tierra extraña — he died on foreign soil

estas son costumbres extrañas a este país — these are customs which are foreign o alien to this country

este estilo no es extraño a los lectores de su poesía — this style is not unknown to readers of his poetry

2. SM / F

1) (=desconocido) stranger

no quiero que hables con extraños — I don't want you talking to strangers

2) (=extranjero) foreigner

3.

SM

hacer un extraño: el balón hizo un extraño — the ball took a bad bounce

el caballo hizo un extraño — the horse shied

* * *
I
- ña adjetivo

a) ( raro) strange, odd

es extraño que no haya llamado — it's strange o odd that she hasn't called

últimamente está muy extraño — he's been a bit strange lately

eso no tiene nada de extraño — there's nothing unusual about that

b) ( desconocido)

no me siento bien entre gente extraña — I feel uncomfortable with people I don't know o strangers
II
- ña masculino, femenino ( desconocido) stranger

* * *

= bizarre, extraneous, queer, strange, eccentric, odd, alien, outlander, weird [weirder -comp., weirdest -sup.], awry, funny [funnier -comp., funniest -sup.], outlandish, freaky [freakier -comp., freakiest -sup.], uncanny, outsider, kinky [kinkier -comp., kinkiest -sup.], freakish, quirky [quirkier -comp., quirkiest -sup.].

Ex. Some of them will be sufficiently bizarre to suit the most fastidious connoisseur of the present artifacts of civilization.

Ex. If the catalog is to fulfill any of the requirements just enumerated, then it must be capable of responding to a user's query in a manner which does not result in extraneous citations.

Ex. Several years later, his talk with a friend turns to the queer ways in which a people resist innovations, even of vital interest.

Ex. The style of recording instructions for references differs from that in Sears', and can at first seem strange, but instructions are clear.

Ex. School classrooms are sometimes extraordinarily badly designed with poor acoustics, ineffective blackout facilities, and notoriously eccentric electrical outlets.

Ex. There is little modulation, whole steps of division being short-circuited and an odd assembly of terms being frequently found: e.g.: LAW see also JURY, JUDGES.

Ex. Libraries in developing countries may represent part of an alien cultural package, an importation ill suited to the country's needs, even working at cross purposes to the people's interests.

Ex. 'Small, near-sighted, dreaming, bruised, an outlander in the city of his birth,' thirteen-year-old Aremis Slake fled one day to the only refuge he knew, the New York subway system.

Ex. This paper surveys some of the more weird World Wide Web sites.

Ex. Could she not have detected that something in his behavior was awry?.

Ex. The article 'What's that funny noise? Videogames in the library' explains how videogames have attracted many young irregular library users who may, in time, extend their attention to other library facilities.

Ex. This book discusses some of the most outlandish myths and fantastic realities of medical history.

Ex. This film is really just a series of throwaway skits that the director and scriptwriter attempt to lard with parody and freaky fantasy.

Ex. Surrealism is an art concerned not with love and liberation but with the uncanny, the compulsion to repeat, and the drive toward death.

Ex. The library director does not want to take the chance that by allowing the trustees to get active he might lose partial control of the library operation to an 'outsider'.

Ex. However, those desiring something off-the-wall, borderline kinky, and just plain mad might appreciate the novel.

Ex. 1816 was one of several years during the 1810s in which numerous crops failed during freakish summer cold snaps after volcanic eruptions that reduced incoming sunlight.

Ex. 'Why are barns frequently painted red?' -- These are the curious, slightly bizarre and somewhat quirky kinds of questions librarians deal with.

----

* aunque parezca extraño = strangely enough, oddly enough, strange though it may seem, strange as it may seem, although it may seem strange.

* cita con un extraño = blind date.

* cuerpo extraño = foreign body.

* de forma extraña = oddly, funnily.

* de manera extraña = oddly, funnily.

* de una manera extraña = strangely.

* de un modo extraño = freakishly.

* extraño (a) = foreign (to).

* país extraño = foreign country.

* por muy extraño que parezca = oddly enough, strangely enough, strange though it may seem, strange as it may seem, although it may seem strange, funnily enough, funnily.

* resultar extraño = be unfamiliar with.

* ser extraño para = be alien to.

* ser mirado de forma extraña = get + some funny looks.

* ser un extraño = not know + Pronombre + from Adam.

* * *
I
- ña adjetivo

a) ( raro) strange, odd

es extraño que no haya llamado — it's strange o odd that she hasn't called

últimamente está muy extraño — he's been a bit strange lately

eso no tiene nada de extraño — there's nothing unusual about that

b) ( desconocido)

no me siento bien entre gente extraña — I feel uncomfortable with people I don't know o strangers
II
- ña masculino, femenino ( desconocido) stranger

* * *

= bizarre, extraneous, queer, strange, eccentric, odd, alien, outlander, weird [weirder -comp., weirdest -sup.], awry, funny [funnier -comp., funniest -sup.], outlandish, freaky [freakier -comp., freakiest -sup.], uncanny, outsider, kinky [kinkier -comp., kinkiest -sup.], freakish, quirky [quirkier -comp., quirkiest -sup.].

Ex: Some of them will be sufficiently bizarre to suit the most fastidious connoisseur of the present artifacts of civilization.

Ex: If the catalog is to fulfill any of the requirements just enumerated, then it must be capable of responding to a user's query in a manner which does not result in extraneous citations.

Ex: Several years later, his talk with a friend turns to the queer ways in which a people resist innovations, even of vital interest.

Ex: The style of recording instructions for references differs from that in Sears', and can at first seem strange, but instructions are clear.

Ex: School classrooms are sometimes extraordinarily badly designed with poor acoustics, ineffective blackout facilities, and notoriously eccentric electrical outlets.

Ex: There is little modulation, whole steps of division being short-circuited and an odd assembly of terms being frequently found: e.g.: LAW see also JURY, JUDGES.

Ex: Libraries in developing countries may represent part of an alien cultural package, an importation ill suited to the country's needs, even working at cross purposes to the people's interests.

Ex: 'Small, near-sighted, dreaming, bruised, an outlander in the city of his birth,' thirteen-year-old Aremis Slake fled one day to the only refuge he knew, the New York subway system.

Ex: This paper surveys some of the more weird World Wide Web sites.

Ex: Could she not have detected that something in his behavior was awry?.

Ex: The article 'What's that funny noise? Videogames in the library' explains how videogames have attracted many young irregular library users who may, in time, extend their attention to other library facilities.

Ex: This book discusses some of the most outlandish myths and fantastic realities of medical history.

Ex: This film is really just a series of throwaway skits that the director and scriptwriter attempt to lard with parody and freaky fantasy.

Ex: Surrealism is an art concerned not with love and liberation but with the uncanny, the compulsion to repeat, and the drive toward death.

Ex: The library director does not want to take the chance that by allowing the trustees to get active he might lose partial control of the library operation to an 'outsider'.

Ex: However, those desiring something off-the-wall, borderline kinky, and just plain mad might appreciate the novel.

Ex: 1816 was one of several years during the 1810s in which numerous crops failed during freakish summer cold snaps after volcanic eruptions that reduced incoming sunlight.

Ex: 'Why are barns frequently painted red?' -- These are the curious, slightly bizarre and somewhat quirky kinds of questions librarians deal with.

* aunque parezca extraño = strangely enough, oddly enough, strange though it may seem, strange as it may seem, although it may seem strange.

* cita con un extraño = blind date.

* cuerpo extraño = foreign body.

* de forma extraña = oddly, funnily.

* de manera extraña = oddly, funnily.

* de una manera extraña = strangely.

* de un modo extraño = freakishly.

* extraño (a) = foreign (to).

* país extraño = foreign country.

* por muy extraño que parezca = oddly enough, strangely enough, strange though it may seem, strange as it may seem, although it may seem strange, funnily enough, funnily.

* resultar extraño = be unfamiliar with.

* ser extraño para = be alien to.

* ser mirado de forma extraña = get + some funny looks.

* ser un extraño = not know + Pronombre + from Adam.

* * *

extraño¹ -ña

adjective

1 (raro) strange, odd

es extraño que no haya llamado it's strange o odd that she hasn't called

es una pareja extraña they're a strange o an odd couple

últimamente está muy extraño he's been very strange lately, he's been acting very strange o strangely lately

2

(desconocido): los asuntos de familia no se discuten delante de personas extrañas you shouldn't discuss family matters in front of strangers o outsiders

no me siento bien ante tanta gente extraña I feel uncomfortable with so many people I don't know o so many strangers

extraño² -ña

masculine, feminine

1 (desconocido) stranger

2

extraño masculine (movimiento): el caballo hizo un extraño the horse shied

el coche me hizo un extraño en la curva the car did something strange on the bend

* * *

Del verbo extrañar: ( conjugate extrañar)

extraño es:

1ª persona singular (yo) presente indicativo

extrañó es:

3ª persona singular (él/ella/usted) pretérito indicativo

Multiple Entries:
extrañar
extraño
extrañar ( conjugate extrañar) verbo transitivo (esp AmL) ‹amigo/país› to miss
verbo intransitivo
1 ( sorprender) (+ me/te/le etc) to surprise;
◊ me extraña que no lo sepas I'm surprised you didn't know that;

ya me extrañaba a mí que … I thought it was strange that …
2 (RPl) ( tener nostalgia) to be homesick
extrañarse verbo pronominal extrañose de algo to be surprised at sth
extraño
◊ -ña adjetivo ( raro) strange, odd;

eso no tiene nada de extraño there's nothing unusual about that
■ sustantivo masculino, femenino ( desconocido) stranger
extrañar verbo transitivo
1 (asombrar) to surprise: no es de extrañar, it's hardly surprising
2 (echar de menos) to miss
3 (notar extraño) extraño mucho la cama, I find this bed strange o (echar de menos) I miss my own bed
extraño,-a
I adjetivo strange
Med foreign: tiene un cuerpo extraño en el ojo, she has a foreign object in her eye
II sustantivo masculino y femenino stranger: de repente entró un extraño, a stranger suddenly came in

' extraño' also found in these entries:
Spanish:
ajena
- ajeno
- curiosa
- curioso
- extraña
- extrañar
- imprimir
- más
- modo
- proceder
- rondar
- ruido
- tan
- corriente
- notar
- raro
English:
bizarre
- curious
- extraordinary
- funnily
- odd
- odd-sounding
- peculiar
- phenomenon
- puzzling
- queer
- singular
- strange
- uncanny
- weird
- agree
- alien
- as
- foreign
- greet
- home
- incongruous
- quaint

* * *

extraño, -a

♦ adj

1. [raro] strange, odd;

es extraño que no hayan llegado ya it's strange o odd they haven't arrived yet;

¡qué extraño! how strange o odd!;

me resulta extraño oírte hablar así I find it strange o odd to hear you talk like that

2. [ajeno] detached, uninvolved

3. Med foreign

♦ nm,f

stranger;

no hables con extraños don't talk to strangers

♦ nm
[movimiento brusco]
el vehículo hizo un extraño the vehicle went out of control for a second

* * *

extraño

I adj strange, odd

II m, extraña f stranger

* * *

extraño, -ña adj

1) raro: strange, odd

2) extranjero: foreign

extraño, -ña n

desconocido: stranger

* * *

extraño¹ adj strange

un ruido extraño a strange noise

extraño² n stranger

Spanish-English dictionary > extraño

19 incipiente

adj.

1 incipient (inicial).

una democracia incipiente a fledgling democracy

una amistad incipiente a budding friendship

2 commencing.

f. & m.

neophyte, novice, newbie.

* * *

incipiente

► adjetivo

1 incipient

* * *

ADJ incipient

* * *

adjetivo (frml o liter) incipient (liter)

* * *

= burgeoning, emerging, nascent, inchoate, fledging, fledgling [fledgeling], incipient, developing, undeveloped, budding.

Ex. It was apparent that the responders to the investigation were somewhat unsure of their future situation relative to the burgeoning information education market = Era claro que los entrevistados en la investigacion no se sentían muy seguros sobre su situación futura en relación con el incipiente mercado de las enseñanzas de documentación.

Ex. We have too much invested for us to assume any longer that we can, by sheer force of will, temper their influence on emerging standards.

Ex. Later this strip is retyped into ordinary language, for in its nascent form it is intelligible only to the initiated.

Ex. The library symbolises freedom for the reader to pursue his own desires, however inchoate.

Ex. Venture capitalists funded fledging companies in the early days of information technology some of which went on to dominate the market.

Ex. This article describes the experiences of a fledgling information system in dealing with a hurricane which wreaked devastation on some of the most remote areas of Hawaii = Este artículo describe las experiencias de un sistema de información nuevo al verse afectado por un huracán que devastó algunas de las zonas más remotas de Hawaii.

Ex. They are also helpful in the revision of existing systems that show signs of incipient weakness.

Ex. I can join a sporting club and combine developing skills with social activities.

Ex. I would urge you most sincerely and strongly to think twice or three times before putting your shelflist into an undeveloped system.

Ex. The current literature in knowledge management can be described as immature, yet budding.

----

* barba incipiente = stubble, stubble beard.

* barba incipiente de moda = designer stubble.

* * *

adjetivo (frml o liter) incipient (liter)

* * *

= burgeoning, emerging, nascent, inchoate, fledging, fledgling [fledgeling], incipient, developing, undeveloped, budding.

Ex: It was apparent that the responders to the investigation were somewhat unsure of their future situation relative to the burgeoning information education market = Era claro que los entrevistados en la investigacion no se sentían muy seguros sobre su situación futura en relación con el incipiente mercado de las enseñanzas de documentación.

Ex: We have too much invested for us to assume any longer that we can, by sheer force of will, temper their influence on emerging standards.

Ex: Later this strip is retyped into ordinary language, for in its nascent form it is intelligible only to the initiated.

Ex: The library symbolises freedom for the reader to pursue his own desires, however inchoate.

Ex: Venture capitalists funded fledging companies in the early days of information technology some of which went on to dominate the market.

Ex: This article describes the experiences of a fledgling information system in dealing with a hurricane which wreaked devastation on some of the most remote areas of Hawaii = Este artículo describe las experiencias de un sistema de información nuevo al verse afectado por un huracán que devastó algunas de las zonas más remotas de Hawaii.

Ex: They are also helpful in the revision of existing systems that show signs of incipient weakness.

Ex: I can join a sporting club and combine developing skills with social activities.

Ex: I would urge you most sincerely and strongly to think twice or three times before putting your shelflist into an undeveloped system.

Ex: The current literature in knowledge management can be described as immature, yet budding.

* barba incipiente = stubble, stubble beard.

* barba incipiente de moda = designer stubble.

* * *

incipiente

adjective

( frml o liter)

1 ‹barba/bigote› incipient ( liter)

2 ‹mejoría/síntoma› incipient ( frml)

una incipiente amistad a newly found friendship

esta incipiente democracia this incipient o infant democracy

* * *

incipiente adjetivo incipient, budding
' incipiente' also found in these entries:
Spanish:
naciente
English:
incipient

* * *

incipiente adj

1. [calvicie] incipient;

lucía una barba incipiente [de joven] he was starting to get a beard;
[sin afeitar] his chin was covered in stubble
2. [inicial] incipient;
[democracia] fledgling; [amistad, talento] budding
* * *

incipiente

adj incipient

* * *

incipiente adj

: incipient

Spanish-English dictionary > incipiente

20 inconformista

adj.

nonconformist.

f. & m.

nonconformist, lone disenter, independent, loner.

* * *

inconformista

► adjetivo

1 nonconformist

► nombre masulino o femenino

1 nonconformist

* * *

ADJ SMF non-conformist

* * *

adjetivo/masculino y femenino nonconformist

* * *

= anti-establishment, nonconformist, maverick, rebel.

Ex. There was also a swell of private endeavour, particularly from people who thought of themselves as anti-establishment, counter-culture groups.

Ex. There were popular religious works, mainly by later seventeenth century nonconformist divines, of which the most famous was of course John Bunyan.

Ex. The third example from Canada is somewhat of a maverick, in that it is related more to the British models of Bretton and Longsight.

Ex. The article is entitled 'The Luddites and their war on the Industrial Revolution: rebels against the future: lessons for the computer age'.

----

* joven inconformista = beatnik.

* * *

adjetivo/masculino y femenino nonconformist

* * *

= anti-establishment, nonconformist, maverick, rebel.

Ex: There was also a swell of private endeavour, particularly from people who thought of themselves as anti-establishment, counter-culture groups.

Ex: There were popular religious works, mainly by later seventeenth century nonconformist divines, of which the most famous was of course John Bunyan.

Ex: The third example from Canada is somewhat of a maverick, in that it is related more to the British models of Bretton and Longsight.

Ex: The article is entitled 'The Luddites and their war on the Industrial Revolution: rebels against the future: lessons for the computer age'.

* joven inconformista = beatnik.

* * *

inconformista

adj/mf

nonconformist

* * *

inconformista adjetivo, masculino y femenino
nonconformist
inconformista adjetivo & mf nonconformist
' inconformista' also found in these entries:
English:
maverick
- nonconformist

* * *

inconformista

♦ adj

nonconformist

♦ nmf

nonconformist

* * *

inconformista

m/f non-conformist

* * *

inconformista adj & nmf

: nonconformist

Spanish-English dictionary > inconformista

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somewhat later

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Словари и энциклопедии на Академике

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somewhat later

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